Measurement of HONO flux using the aerodynamic gradient method over an agricultural field in the Huaihe River Basin, China

To investigate nitrous acid(HONO) levels and potential HONO sources above crop rotation fields. The HONO fluxes were measured by the aerodynamic gradient(AG) method from 14 December 2019 to 2 January 2020 over an agricultural field in the Huaihe River Basin. The ambient HONO levels were measured at two different heights(0.15 and 1.5 m), showing a typical diurnal cycle with low daytime levels and high nighttime levels. The upward HONO fluxes were mostly observed during the day, whereas deposition...     

天水地区新近纪沉积物地球化学特征及其意义

通过对天水盆地新近纪沉积物地化特征的研究表明:(1)天水盆地下山剖面泥岩富MgO、CaO、Nb、Sr、Th,贫SiO2、Al2O3、Ba、Cr、Ni、Rb,高Al2O3/TiO2、Cr/Zr、Cr/Th、Th/Sc,结合盆地的平面展布特征和地层厚度变化规律及沉积相的横向变化,初步认为盆地南区西秦岭北缘各时代花岗闪长岩和偏中性岩主要控制着该区的沉积物地球化学组成,而古秦岭洋闭合期蛇绿岩套中的基性-超基性岩有很大的影响,其结果是它们高度混合的物质给盆地提供物源,泥岩样品中K2O的含量随时间增长而增高,说明物源区在溯源侵蚀的过程中富钾值岩大量出现;(2)CIA和ICV值指示天水盆地碎屑沉积物的物源区古风化程度较强,沉积物成熟度较低,源区沉积再循环的物质很少或几乎不存在,在上新世到更新世之间存在化学风化作用减弱的趋势;(3)天水盆地从西秦岭山麓到华家岭地层沉积厚度越来越薄,从湖相逐渐过渡为湖泛平原相,结合主、微量元素构造判别图解,认为下山剖面沉积物是在压扭作用下的山前凹陷盆地构造环境中形成。     

黄河流域城市绿地生态需水时空特征分析

界定了城市绿地生态需水和生态灌溉需水的内涵与特征,构建了城市绿地生态需水和生态灌溉需水的计算模型,对黄河流域45个地级以上城市的绿地生态需水与生态灌溉需水进行计算与分析.研究结果表明:①黄河流域城市绿地年生态需水量为44 749.7×104m3,年生态灌溉需水量为22 783.5×104m3.约占2000年黄河流域城市市区供水总量的4.85%.其中90.2%的生态灌溉需水集中在绿地植物的生长期(4～10月份);②植物需水和生态灌溉需水表现出不同的月变化趋势和空间分异规律.月生态灌溉需水的计算结果为黄河流域城市绿地生态用水的合理配置提供了科学依据.     

长江流域空间经济系统的特征研究

从空间经济系统的角度来看,长江流域经济发展有三个具有内在联系的基本特征。道德是流域经济发展的空间差异性。这一特征集中体现在流域内各地区之间经济发展基础、经济发展速度、经济发展水平等同空间差异。其次是流域经济发展与自然条件和资源的空间耦合性。区域自然系统对区域经济发展有明显的作用和影响,突出地表现了上游经济发展属资源密集型、中游经济发展属劳动力密集型和资源密集型并存、下游为资金技术型。第三是流域经济     

Dams,Floodplain Land Use,and Riparian Forest Conservation in the Semiarid Upper Colorado River Basin,USA

Land and water resource development can independently eliminate riparian plant communities, including Fremont cottonwood forest (CF), a major contributor to ecosystem structure and functioning in semiarid portions of the American Southwest. We tested whether floodplain development was linked to river regulation in the Upper Colorado River Basin (UCRB) by relating the extent of five developed land-cover categories as well as CF and other natural vegetation to catchment reservoir capacity, changes in total annual and annual peak discharge, and overall level of mainstem hydrologic alteration (small, moderate, or large) in 26 fourth-order subbasins. We also asked whether CF appeared to be in jeopardy at a regional level. We classified 51% of the 57,000 ha of alluvial floodplain examined along >2600 km of mainstem rivers as CF and 36% as developed. The proportion developed was unrelated to the level of mainstem hydrologic alteration. The proportion classified as CF was also independent of the level of hydrologic alteration, a result we attribute to confounding effects from development, the presence of time lags, and contrasting effects from flow alteration in different subbasins. Most CF (68% by area) had a sparse canopy (50% canopy cover occupied <1% of the floodplain in 15 subbasins. We suggest that CF extent in the UCRB will decline markedly in the future, when the old trees on floodplains now disconnected from the river die and large areas change from CF to non-CF categories. Attention at a basinwide scale to the multiple factors affecting cottonwood patch dynamics is needed to assure conservation of these riparian forests.     

Accounting for adaptive capacity and uncertainty in assessments of species’ climate‐change vulnerability

Climate‐change vulnerability assessments (CCVAs) are valuable tools for assessing species’ vulnerability to climatic changes, yet failure to include measures of adaptive capacity and to account for sources of uncertainty may limit their effectiveness. We took a more comprehensive approach that incorporates exposure, sensitivity, and capacity to adapt to climate change. We applied our approach to anadromous steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and nonanadromous bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus), threatened salmonids within the Columbia River Basin (U.S.A.). We quantified exposure on the basis of scenarios of future stream temperature and flow, and we represented sensitivity and capacity to adapt to climate change with metrics of habitat quality, demographic condition, and genetic diversity. Both species were found to be highly vulnerable to climate change at low elevations and in their southernmost habitats. However, vulnerability rankings varied widely depending on the factors (climate, habitat, demographic, and genetic) included in the CCVA and often differed for the 2 species at locations where they were sympatric. Our findings illustrate that CCVA results are highly sensitive to data inputs and that spatial differences can complicate multispecies conservation. Based on our results, we suggest that CCVAs be considered within a broader conceptual and computational framework and be used to refine hypotheses, guide research, and compare plausible scenarios of species’ vulnerability to climate change.     

Distribution characteristics and source identification of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofurans, and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in the waters from River Kanzaki, running through Osaka urban area, Japan

This is the first to elucidate the distribution and sources of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDFs),and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in the waters from Kanzaki River,which is one of the most heavily polluted rivers in Japan.The World Health Organization (WHO)-toxic equivalent quantities (TEQs) in waters from the mainstream exceeded the Japanese environmental standard (1.0 pg-TEQ/L).The PCDD/PCDFs were dominated by highly chlorinated DFs,which predominantly contributed to the WHO-TEQs,suggesting that the main causes would be the incineration-related wastes.To find the sources,the dioxin congener concentrations in water and sediment samples from its tributary small waterways were determined.Abnormally high WHO-TEQs were detected in a water (50 pg-TEQ/L) and a sediment sample (41,000 ng-TEQ/kg dry weight) near the industrial solid waste incinerators (ISWIs).The PCDD/PCDF characteristics agreed well with those of the incinerator-related wastes as seen in the mainstream.These facts indicate that the dioxin pollution in the mainstream could be largely related to the industrial wastes from the ISWIs.Here,a TEQ apportionment method was used to understand the contribution of the pyrogenic sources to the WHO-TEQs.The average contribution ratios of the pyrogenic sources to WHO-TEQs were more than 80% for river waters from the mainstream,indicating that the elevated WHO-TEQs in the mainstream had been largely caused by the ISWIs.     

基于模糊聚类分析的矿业城市地表水环境质量评价

文章介绍了模糊聚类分析法,并运用此方法对位于阜新境内的辽河支流——柳河、绕阳河和养息牧河的地表水环境监测断面进行了聚类分析。在9个监测断面中,受污染最严重的断面位于养息牧河下游方向,此断面中,氨氮、高锰酸盐指数和化学需氧量的污染指数均严重超标。研究结果表明,辽河流域阜新段地表水水质己受到严重污染,不可以作为饮用水源地水源。聚类分析结果与实际污染情况相吻合,能客观地反映多因子共同作用下的地表水环境质量状况,这为制定辽河水环境治理方案和宏观决策提供了必要的科学依据。     

东江流域化学风化对大气CO2的吸收

对东江化学径流进行分析,使用质量平衡法和扣除法估算了流域化学风化对大气CO2的吸收通量.结果表明,东江水体的总溶解性固体(TDS)含量均值(59.88 mg·L-1)远低于世界河流均值(100 mg·L-1);离子组成以Ca2、Na+和HCO3-为主,可溶性Si次之,径流对总溶解固体的稀释效应由于受人类活动影响表现得并不明显.东江化学径流组成主要源自硅酸盐矿物的化学风化过程的贡献(72.46％～81.54％),其次为海盐贡献(17.65％～26.05％),碳酸盐矿物的贡献很少(0.81％ ～3.87％);大气CO2是流域内岩石化学风化的主要侵蚀介质,但H2SO4和HNO3的作用也不可忽视;东江流域岩石化学风化过程对大气CO2的消耗通量(3.02～3.08) x105 mol·km-2·a-1高于全球平均值,是全球岩石风化碳汇的一个重要组成部分.     

海河流域主要河口区域沉积物中重金属空间分异及生态风险评价

针对海河流域河流污染严重,河口区域污染状况以及陆源河流污染对河口区域影响不明确的问题,选取海河流域10个主要入海河口为研究对象,对其表层沉积物中Pb、Cu、Zn、Cd、Cr、Ni进行总量及空间分异性研究,采用潜在生态危害指数法进行重金属生态风险评价.结果表明,沉积物中6种重金属元素均有较明显的积累,含量高于海河流域主要土壤类型环境背景值,其中Cu、Ni、Pb达到环境背景值的2.3~2.6倍.重金属污染具有一定的空间分异性,Cu、Zn、Cr、Ni在永定新河、子牙新河、北排河3处的含量较高,4种元素相关系数为R Cu-Zn=0.891、R Cu-Cr=0.927、R Cu-Ni=0.964、R Zn-Cr=0.842、R Zn-Ni=0.939、R Cr-Ni=0.879(P<0.01),具有一定的同源性,并与流域内总人口显著相关,相关系数R分别为0.855、0.806、0.867和0.855(P<0.01).Pb、Cd的空间差异较小,含量范围分别为23.3~95.8 mg·kg-1、0.051~0.200 mg·kg-1,与其它元素及流域内总人口相关性不强,反映出河口区域的Cd和Pb与陆源污染关系不大.潜在生态危害指数评价显示,海河流域河口区域整体为轻微生态风险等级(RI为33.7~116),Cd为主要污染元素,在多数河口Cd均达到中等风险等级(Ei r为18.0~48.9).