坡度分析在昆明盆地断层分段中的应用

地面坡度是反映地形地貌变化的关键因子,应用坡度分析一定程度上可以反映断层的展布特征。本文收集整理昆明市区附近千余份钻孔数据,筛选其中238个钻孔进行钻孔层序分层和数据库的建设,使用ArcScene软件生成研究区地表、海埂组(QhH)底部以及官渡组(Qp3G)底部地层面的三维地质模型。应用ArcGIS软件中坡度分析模块,获得各个界面的坡度图,从坡度变化特征方面对研究区5条主要断层的活动性与分段特征进行了初步探讨。     

伊犁盆地黄土分布、年代及粉尘来源分析

本文根据最新的研究资料,结合野外考察对处于西风区的伊犁黄土的分布、年代和粉尘来源进行了分析总结,并探讨了伊犁盆地黄土堆积的空间差异性。研究结果表明,伊犁黄土主要分布在山前丘陵和高阶地上,这些地貌部位堆积厚度最大,黄土沉积受地形和气候影响明显;已有的剖面年代学研究表明伊犁黄土主要形成于末次冰期,与新疆其它地区黄土开始大范围堆积的时间大体一致,但还可能有比中更新世更老的黄土存在;粒度分布和矿物表面形态特征表明伊犁黄土可能是近源物质与远源粉尘沉积作用叠加的结果,不同地区黄土在堆积过程所受到动力条件可能存在明显的差异;伊犁黄土中粘土组分可能主要来自中亚荒漠和伊犁河中、下游地区,西风带来的粉尘对伊犁盆地不同地区黄土的贡献率不同。     

吐鲁番盆地更新世古气候变化研究

目前,对吐鲁番盆地更新世气候变化的研究几乎是空白。本文通过对吐鲁番盆地早、中、晚更新世典型剖面的孢粉进行分析研究,得出了其在更新世的古气候变化概况。研究结果表明：（1）吐鲁番盆地在早更新世的温度较低。（2）吐鲁番盆地在中更新世出现过干冷气候,直到中更新世后期才有所缓和。（3）吐鲁番盆地在晚更新世有较大的气候波动。此外,文中还将所得结果与天山的冰期进行了对比分析。     

长江流域耕地-粮食-人口复合系统的动态分析及调控途径

选取反映耕地-粮食-人口复合系统变化的10个总量和均量指标．通过1978—2004年各指标在长江流域及其上、中、下游变化过程的动态分析。发现人口增加、国家宏观政策、粮食价格以及经济非农化和城市化过程是影响流域耕地-粮食-人口复合系统变化的主导因素；长江流域粮食生产在全国的主体地位逐渐下降。而且自2000年以来．人均粮食占有量也不断下降。耕地压力指数不断加大。基于此种变化过程及其原因分析，从保证区域粮食自给、保持系统动态平衡以及协调好耕地、粮食、人口三者之间关系等方面入手．站在保障流域粮食安全、确保国家经济社会可持续发展战略高度．提出长江流域耕地-粮食-人口复合系统调控战略途径。     

Rural vulnerability to environmental change in the irrigated lowlands of Central Asia and options for policy-makers: A review

Climate change, land degradation and drought affect millions of people living in drylands worldwide. With its food security depending almost entirely on irrigated agriculture, Central Asia is one of the arid regions highly vulnerable to water scarcity. Previous research of land and water use in the region has focused on improving water-use efficiency, soil management and identifying technical, institutional and agricultural innovations. However, vulnerability to climate change has rarely been considered, in spite of the imminent risks due to a higher-than-average warming perspective and the predicted melting of glaciers, which will greatly affect the availability of irrigation water. Using the Khorezm region in the irrigated lowlands of northwest Uzbekistan as an example, we identify the local patterns of vulnerability to climate variability and extremes. We look at on-going environmental degradation, water-use inefficiency, and barriers to climate change adaptation and mitigation, and based on an extensive review of research evidence from the region, we present concrete examples of initiatives for building resilience and improving climate risk management. These include improving water use efficiency and changing the cropping patterns that have a high potential to decrease the exposure and sensitivity of rural communities to climate risks. In addition, changes in land use such as the afforestation of degraded croplands, and introducing resource-smart cultivation practices such as conservation agriculture, may strengthen the capacity of farmers and institutions to respond to climate challenges. As these can be out-scaled to similar environments, i.e. the irrigated cotton and wheat growing lowland regions in Central Asia and the Caucasus, these findings may be relevant for regions beyond the immediate geographic area from which it draws its examples.     

Dynamic modeling of chemical fate and transport in multimedia environments at watershed scale-II: trichloroethylene test case

A multimedia environmental fate model was developed to study the temporal dynamics and spatial distribution of a chemical pollutant at watershed scale. The theoretical considerations and implementation of the model were described in the accompanying paper (Part I). This paper presents the result of a test simulation on the transport of trichloroethylene (TCE) in the Connecticut River Basin. The simulation results were reported as time series of concentrations and inter-media transport fluxes in the compartments of atmosphere, plant, soil, surface water, and sediment. Predicted concentrations from the test simulation were compared with published field data or predictions by validated models. The temporal trends in TCE predictions were evaluated by comparing the simulation results with monthly TCE concentrations in various environmental compartments and monthly fluxes of inter-media transport processes. Results indicated that the simulation results were in reasonable agreement with reported data in the literature. The results also revealed that the mass transport of TCE from the atmosphere compartment to soil and surface water was a major route of TCE dispersion in the environment.     

Dams,Floodplain Land Use,and Riparian Forest Conservation in the Semiarid Upper Colorado River Basin,USA

Land and water resource development can independently eliminate riparian plant communities, including Fremont cottonwood forest (CF), a major contributor to ecosystem structure and functioning in semiarid portions of the American Southwest. We tested whether floodplain development was linked to river regulation in the Upper Colorado River Basin (UCRB) by relating the extent of five developed land-cover categories as well as CF and other natural vegetation to catchment reservoir capacity, changes in total annual and annual peak discharge, and overall level of mainstem hydrologic alteration (small, moderate, or large) in 26 fourth-order subbasins. We also asked whether CF appeared to be in jeopardy at a regional level. We classified 51% of the 57,000 ha of alluvial floodplain examined along >2600 km of mainstem rivers as CF and 36% as developed. The proportion developed was unrelated to the level of mainstem hydrologic alteration. The proportion classified as CF was also independent of the level of hydrologic alteration, a result we attribute to confounding effects from development, the presence of time lags, and contrasting effects from flow alteration in different subbasins. Most CF (68% by area) had a sparse canopy (50% canopy cover occupied <1% of the floodplain in 15 subbasins. We suggest that CF extent in the UCRB will decline markedly in the future, when the old trees on floodplains now disconnected from the river die and large areas change from CF to non-CF categories. Attention at a basinwide scale to the multiple factors affecting cottonwood patch dynamics is needed to assure conservation of these riparian forests.     

北运河流域植被覆盖度变化及其生态环境质量评估

北运河流域作为北京城市副中心建设涉及的重要自然地理单元,流域内人类活动剧烈,生态问题突出,植被覆盖率下降.基于植被覆盖度快速实现流域内生态环境质量的全面评价,是打造生态和谐宜居示范区的重要支撑,也是实现新时期首都生态文明建设的关键.本文选取1990年、2004年、2018年时相相近的3期Landsat TM/OLI数据,首先采用线性光谱混合模型进行植被覆盖度(FVC)的计算,再利用主成分分析法构建遥感生态指数(RSEI),并对二者时空变化规律及相关性进行探究.结果表明,1990—2018年,研究区平均植被覆盖度与遥感生态指数均呈现先增后减的趋势,植被覆盖度由0.36增长至0.43再降至0.41,遥感生态指数由0.545增加为0.584后又降至0.545.1990—2004年生态质量下降的区域集中分布在北京市主城区四周,环境质量改善的区域集中分布在北运河流域北部、中心城区及东南部,而2004—2018年生态质量下降的重点区域则向东南部流域下游转移,环境质量改善的区域则大面积减少.流域内生态质量保持稳定的区域大幅增加,生态质量差与较差区域占比连续降低,表明研究区大部分区域生态系统状况趋于稳...     

黄河流域绿色创新效率空间格局演化及其影响因素

绿色创新作为培育经济增长新动能,是促进黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展的重要动力。采用网络DEA模型测度2003—2018年黄河流域79市（州、盟）绿色创新效率,进而运用核密度估计、重心—标准差椭圆分析效率的空间演化规律,采用空间计量模型探究其影响因素。结果表明：（1）黄河流域绿色创新效率水平较低,但表现为波动上升的时间趋势;（2）绿色创新效率具有显著的空间非均衡性,呈现出“下游>上游>中游”的空间分异格局,效率重心整体向东南方向移动,表现出南北方向相对稳定、东西方向集聚发展的趋势;（3）黄河流域绿色创新效率存在正向的空间溢出效应,人均收入、产业结构、师资力量、外资利用和环境规制是影响绿色创新效率的重要因素。     

南亚高压对四川盆地夏季区域持续性O3污染的影响

基于2015~2020年四川盆地臭氧（O₃）浓度监测数据,构建O₃区域性持续性污染过程个例库,并进一步时空匹配高低空气象资料,探究夏季南亚高压系统对四川盆地地面气象要素及O₃污染生成的影响机制.结果表明：（1）2015~2018年四川盆地O₃区域性持续性污染（ORPP）逐年加重,2018~2020年保持相对稳定的污染态势,且ORPP多集中于春、夏两季.盆地中南部成都、重庆、泸州等城市O₃污染形势最为严峻,且高值区逐渐向南北方向转移.（2）基于南亚高压（系统存在率、中心离散度与东西振荡量）对地面气象要素的影响阐释ORPP的生成机制：系统存在率均值偏低且位置偏东时,平均气温、气温日较差及日照时数偏高,相对湿度偏低,利于O₃生成;南亚高压东模态中心显著聚集时,气温日较差与日照时数激增,易造成O₃异常高值;西模态剧烈振荡时,气温日较差、日照时数及相对湿度改变,易使O₃浓度波动.（3）对比清洁期与污染期,南亚高压系统存在率、中心离散度与东西振荡量综合作用于清洁期,而污染期则主要受中心离散度与东西振荡量影响.当南亚高压西模态剧烈振荡与东模态显著聚集配合出现时,极易诱发四川盆地内ORPP二级过程.