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41.
Hurricane Katrina‐linked environmental injustice: race,class, and place differentials in attitudes
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Claims of environmental injustice, human neglect, and racism dominated the popular and academic literature after Hurricane Katrina struck the United States in August 2005. A systematic analysis of environmental injustice from the perspective of the survivors remains scanty or nonexistent. This paper presents, therefore, a systematic empirical analysis of the key determinants of Katrina‐induced environmental injustice attitudes among survivors in severely affected parishes (counties) in Louisiana and Mississippi three years into the recovery process. Statistical models based on a random sample of survivors were estimated, with the results revealing significant predictors such as age, children in household under 18, education, homeownership, and race. The results further indicate that African‐Americans were more likely to perceive environmental injustice following Katrina than their white counterparts. Indeed, the investigation reveals that there are substantial racial gaps in measures of environmental injustice. The theoretical, methodological, and applied policy implications of these findings are discussed. 相似文献
42.
Distribution and Statistical Analysis of Leachable and Total Heavy Metals in the Sediments of the Suez Gulf 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
The concentrations of nine heavy metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pd and Zn) in the labile and total fractions of muddy
and sandy sediment samples collected from twelve sites in Suez Gulf during April 1999 were studied to evaluate the pollution
status of the Suez Gulf. The enrichment factors (EF) for each element were calculated. There are extremely high concentrations
of Cd, Ni, Pb and slightly concentration of Cr and Cu in both muddy and sandy sediments. The concentration of Zn was moderately
high and can be considered as seriously contaminate Metal pollution index (MPI) shows high values ranged between 46 to 156
and 40 to 232 for both sandy and muddy sediments, respectively. Concentrations of heavy metals were normalized against iron
for total fraction in both of sandy and muddy sediments. Principal component analysis (PCA) was studied on the data matrix
obtained and represented three-factor model explaining 92.22% for labile and 88.82% for total fractions of muddy sediment.
The main source of contamination is the offshore oil fields and industrial wastes. This is largely a result of ineffective
and inefficient operation equipment, illegal discharge of dirty ballast water from tankers and lack of supervision and prosecution
of offenders. 相似文献
43.
Abdoulkarim Esmaeili 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2009,52(8):1071-1081
Approximately 52% of the 380,000 tons of fish landings in Iran come from the northern Persian Gulf, with a total of 108,000 fishermen and 8900 fishing vessels (2003 data). The fishery in the region is very important for the local economy, but the major problems facing the Iranian fisheries are an uncertain availability of fish and over-fishing. The Persian Gulf is a sensitive marine ecosystem. The Gulf is a partially enclosed sea with an average depth of 35 metres and replacement of waters take some three to five years. Environmental factors have a major effect on fish stocks and fisheries in such a sensitive ecosystem. This study examines the influence of environmental changes in water temperature, rainfall, wind and sea level pressure on fish stocks in the northern Persian Gulf and estimates the maximum sustainable yields for fisheries management. Multivariate data and surplus production bio-economic models with environmental parameters are used to determine optimal harvest and forecasting. The study found that rainfall, water temperature and wind had significant positive effects whereas sea level pressure had a negative effect on the fisheries in the northern Persian Gulf. It is concluded that environmental parameters should be monitored concurrently with the fisheries to allow a greater understanding for fisheries management in the Persian Gulf. 相似文献
44.
Caesium-137 activity concentration in the water columns of the Gulf of Patras (Central Greece) and the North-Eastern Aegean Sea (easterward to Lemnos Island) was investigated in selected sampling stations during the period September 2004–June 2006. The methodology followed was based on the sorption of caesium (Cs) on cotton wound cartridge filters impregnated by Cu2[Fe(CN)6] via in-situ pumping. In terms of the horizontal and vertical records, the activity concentrations of 137Cs in the Gulf of Patras ranged between 1.2 and 6.7 Bq m−3, depending on the sampling period and the prevailing physicochemical regime at the sampling station. The general pattern of the decreased activity concentrations of 137Cs with increasing depth was reversed in the Gulf of Patras during the cold period attributed to the prevailing advective processes of the area. The activity concentrations of 137Cs in the North-Eastern Aegean Sea ranged from 2.6 to 12.8 Bq m−3, whereas significant stratified curves were observed during the warm period and also, in one station during the cold period. In terms of temporal variation, the discharges in the Gulf of Patras resulted in enhanced levels of 137Cs, whereas in the North Aegean Sea the incoming water masses form the Black Sea had an apparent influence throughout the year by increasing the 137Cs levels, hence presenting a weak seasonal variation. Comparing the two studied areas, one could say that the North Aegean Sea, as an open sea environment, presented higher concentrations due to the influence of the Black Sea water masses. The estimated inventories of 137Cs in the Gulf of Patras ranged 0.25 ± 0.03–0.79 ± 0.03 kBq m−2, whereas in the North-Eastern Aegean Sea they ranged 0.33 ± 0.02–0.92 ± 0.03 kBq m−2. 相似文献
45.
广西近海环境与经济可持续发展水平及协调性分析 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
通过精心选择泛北部湾经济区广西近岸海域水环境与经济系统指标,采用主成分分析法来计算水环境系统、经济系统的可持续发展水平.结果表明,1996~2005年间,在区域经济取得较快发展的同时,近岸海域水环境质量维持原有较好的质量水平并有所改善;通过计算区域近岸海域海洋环境年均协调系数,泛北部湾经济区广西近岸海域环境与经济发展属于协调类型. 相似文献
46.
The paper presents the application of thermal remote sensing for mapping hydrocarbon polluted sites. This has been achieved by mono-window algorithm for land surface temperature (LST) measurements, using multi-date band 6 data of Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM). The emissivity, transmittance and mean atmospheric temperature were used as critical factors to estimate LST. The changes in the surface emissivity due to oil pollution alter the apparent temperature, which was used as a recognition element to map out oil polluted surfaces. The LST contrast was successfully used to map spatial distribution of hydrocarbon pollution in the Burgan Oil field area of Kuwait. The methodology can be positively used to detect waste dumping, oil spills in oceans and ports, besides environmental management of oil pollution at or near the land surface. 相似文献
47.
Total mercury concentrations are summarized for environmental media and biota collected from near-coastal areas, several impacted by contaminant sources common to the Gulf of Mexico. Water, sediment, fish, blue crabs, oysters, clams, mussels, periphyton and seagrasses were collected during 1993–2002 from targeted areas affected by point and non-point source contaminants. Mean concentrations in water and sediment were 0.02 (±1 standard deviation = 0.06) μg l−1 and 96.3 (230.8) ng g−1 dry wt, respectively. Mean total mercury concentrations in fish, blue crabs, brackish clams and mussels were significantly greater than those in sediment, seagrass, colonized periphyton and oysters. Concentrations (ng g−1 dry wt) averaged 23.1 (two seagrass species), 220.1 (oysters), 287.8 (colonized periphyton), 604.0 (four species of freshwater mussels), 772.4 (brackish clam), 857.9 (blue crabs) and 933.1 (nine fish species). Spatial, intraspecific and interspecific variability in results limited most generalizations concerning the relative mercury contributions of different stressor types. However, concentrations were significantly greater for some biota collected from areas receiving wastewater discharges and golf course runoff (fish), agricultural runoff (oysters) and urban stormwater runoff (colonized periphyton and sediment). Marine water quality criteria and proposed sediment quality guidelines were exceeded in 1–12% of total samples. At least one seafood consumption guideline, criteria or screening value were exceeded in edible tissues of blue crabs (6% total samples) and nine fish species (8–33% total samples) but all residues were less than the US Federal Drug Administration action limit of 1.0 ppm and the few reported toxic effect concentrations available for the targeted biota. 相似文献
48.
Total mercury concentrations in different tissues of frigate tuna fish (Auxis thazard thazard) was determined by the cold vapour atomic absorption spectrometry technique using an automatic mercury analyzer. A mixture
of HNO3, HClO4 and H2SO4 was used for complete oxidation of organic tissue. The concentration of mercury obtained was in the order Gills < Stomach
< Gonads < Intestine < Heart < Duodenum < Liver < Muscle. The concentration of total mercury detected in the edible muscle
tissue of the tuna fish tested ranged from 0.044 to 0.201 μg g−1 (mean = 0.108 μg g−1) wet weight. These levels are all within the maximum allowed/recommended level in fish (0.5 μg g−1 wet weight) set by the Food and Agriculture Organisation/World Health Organisation (FAO/WHO) and are therefore unlikely to
constitute any significant mercury exposure to the general population because of consumption of tuna fish. The results of
the study suggest a relatively clean marine environment that has not been significantly impacted by mercury contamination
probably due to minimal industrial activity in the region. 相似文献
49.
海水脱硫方案因其具有运行费用低等优点受到青睐.近几年,随着电力的快速发展,渤海湾出现了三十多座发电厂,竞相采用海水脱硫方案.而渤海湾属于半封闭的海湾,湾内海水与外海海水交换周期至少长达200年,区域的海流最大流速仅为外海的50%,扩散条件不太理想,污染物的长期累积情况很难确定.那么在渤海湾海域建设的滨海电厂采用海水脱硫是否可行呢?分析研究认为不宜在渤海湾选择海水脱硫工艺. 相似文献
50.
Ester Heath Nives Ogrinc Jadran Faganeli Stefano Covelli 《Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus》2006,6(5-6):605-614
To reconstruct a history of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) pollution in the Gulf of Trieste, one of the largest urbanized
areas in the Adriatic Sea, we analyzed three long sediment cores collected between 1996 and 1997. Concentrations of total
PAHs, the sum of 16 PAH compounds and six of their methylated analogues, in all three cores show a decrease from 600–800 ng
g−1, at the surface, to levels below 250 ng g−1 in deepest layers (down to 3 m). The same trend was shown with separate representative pyrogenic PAHs (pyrene, benzofluoranthene
and phenanthrene). Using Hg as a recent geochronological tracer, we observe an increasing input of PAHs since the beginning
of the 20th Century and, especially, after the Second World War coinciding with increasing industrialization and urbanization
of the region. This correlation is supported by PAH ratios that are indication of combustion processes and represent a marker
for anthropogenic inputs. No correlation exists between PAHs and black carbon within the core profiles, indicating two different
fractions of the ‘black carbon continuum’. 相似文献