Recent Change in the Extent of Mangroves in the Northern Gulf of Papua,Papua New Guinea

Existing at the interface of land and sea, in regions of low topographic relief, mangroves are likely to be some of the first ecosystems that undergo spatial modification due to sea-level rise. The mangrove ecosystems of the Gulf of Papua New Guinea are some of the largest and most pristine in the Asia–Pacific region; they have not been subject to clearance for crustacean farming nor suffered from land reclamation projects. This article establishes through analysis of a time series of aerial photography and satellite imagery from the period 1973–2007, that there have been substantial changes in the distribution of mangroves in this region. These changes include the seaward progradation of the Purari Delta and the regression of the Kikori Delta by an average of 43 m year⁻¹ at its most seaward point. While these findings are likely to be continuations of long-term trends, it is probable that they can be explained by a variety of interacting factors including climate change, sea-level rise, subsistence in the northern Gulf of Papua and changes in sediment dynamics.     

Land use change and population growth in the Morobe Province of Papua New Guinea between 1975 and 2000

The relation between human population growth and land use change is much debated. Here we present a case study from Papua New Guinea where the population has increased from 2.3 million in 1975 to 5.2 million in 2000. Since 85% of the population relies on subsistence agriculture, population growth affects agricultural land use. We assessed land use change in the Morobe province (33,933 km2) using topographic maps of 1975 and Landsat TM images of 1990 and 2000. Between 1975 and 2000, agricultural land use increased by 58% and population grew by 99%. Most new agricultural land was taken from primary forest and the forest area decreased from 9.8 ha person(-1) in 1975 to 4.4 ha person(-1) in 2000. Total population change and total land use change were strongly correlated. Most of the agricultural land use change occurred on Inceptisols in areas with high rainfall (>2500 mm year(-1)) on moderate to very steep slopes (10-56%). Agricultural land use changes in logged-over areas were in the vicinity of populated places (villages), and in close proximity to road access. There was considerable variation between the districts but districts with higher population growth also had larger increases in agricultural areas. It is concluded that in the absence of improved farming systems the current trend of increased agriculture with rapid population growth is likely to continue.     

武汉市后官湖水环境问题和污染防治对策分析

武汉市后官湖因流域城镇化迅速发展,水环境状况日渐恶化。首先对后官湖水质历史和现状分析,得出TP、TN和CODMn为主要超标因子。再结合流域土地利用现状、湖泊污染特征及其行政区划等,将后官湖流域划分成5个污染控制区(H1、H2、H3、H4和H5污染控制区),对各污染控制区中点源、面源污染进行分析,得出点源和农村生活为流域最重要污染源,两源共计排放CODMn、TN、TP和NH3-N占整个流域污染的82.9%,76%,78%和80.8%。污染控制区贡献量中,CODMn最大为H4(25.7%)和H3(23.97%);TN最大为H3(30.28%)和H4(25.31%);TP最大为H4(29.33%)和H2(25.62%);NH3-N最大为H3(31.77%)和H4(24.44%)。单位面积入湖强度中,H3区域CODMn、TN、TP和NH3-N强度最大,分别为35.57t/(a·km2),6.87t/(a·km2),0.85t/(a·km2)和5.57t/(a·km2),表现出污染强度"西低东高"的污染特征。针对上述污染特征本研究提出后官湖流域和各个分区污染防治对策,并对基于流域分区控制下污染物入湖量进行了测算。     

新西兰保护区管理及其对中国的启示

在分析了新西兰保护区的管理体系、管理模式、法律政策和资金来源基础上,从建立完善的保护区管理体系、完善法律政策、有节度的开放式管理、公众参与、加大保护区科研投入以及资金筹集与国际合作6方面探讨了新西兰保护区管理的成功经验对中国的启示。     

基于GIS的北方典型区水资源承载力研究——以北京市通州区为例

水资源承载力研究是保证水资源可持续利用,寻求区域可持续发展的重要依据。论文以北京市通州区为例,根据研究区特点,建立了水资源承载力评价指标体系,对各评价指标的可承载极限临界值进行了界定;利用GIS技术的网格剖分法建立了研究区水资源承载力指标数据库;提出了基于GIS技术和模糊综合评判模型的区域水资源承载力综合评价模型,建立了水资源承载力评价数据库,实现区域内水资源承载力的空间差异分析。结果表明,通州区内部水资源承载力与区域发展水平的差异一致,由城区到远郊,水资源承载力呈逐渐减弱趋势,伴随城区不断发展,影响范围的扩大,预测通州区到2020年水资源承载力整体处于一个较高水平。     

滨海半城市化地区植被覆盖度的时空变化——以青岛市崂山区为例

基于青岛市崂山区1990、1997、2002、2008年四期TM遥感影像数据,利用遥感二分像元估算模型和归一化植被指数,定量研究了半城市化地区的植被覆盖度演化过程及其时空动态变化特征,结果表明:研究区植被覆盖度演变具有快速性、差异性和不稳定性特征;1990-1997年,植被平均覆盖度由48.71%下降到24.74%,是植被覆盖度下降最快时期;2002-2008年间,植被平均覆盖度由23.58%增加到44.49%,属于植被覆盖恢复时期。整体空间变化呈现分散和无序特征,地形因子显著影响植被覆盖度的分布及变化。从气候因素和人为活动影响两个方面分析了造成崂山地区植被覆盖度下降的原因,对降雨量与各地区植被覆盖度进行了相关性分析,划分出气候影响显著区域。最后通过主成份分析定量研究气候、人为因素对当地植被覆盖度的影响程度,结果发现城市化作用是造成植被覆盖度变化的主要因素。     

Size-resolved effective density of submicron particles during summertime in the rural atmosphere of Beijing, China

Particle density is an important physical property of atmospheric particles.The information on high time-resolution size-resolved particle density is essential for understanding the atmospheric physical and chemical aging processes of aerosols particles.In the present study,a centrifugal particle mass analyzer(CPMA) combined with a differential mobility analyzer(DMA) was deployed to determine the size-resolved effective density of 50 to 350 nm particles at a rural site of Beijing during summer 2016.The measured particle effective densities decreased with increasing particle sizes and ranged from 1.43 to 1.55 g/cm~3,on average.The effective particle density distributions were dominated by a mode peaked at around 1.5 g/cm~3 for 50 to350 nm particles.Extra modes with peaks at 1.0,0.8,and 0.6 g/cm3 for 150,240,and 350 nm particles,which might be freshly emitted soot particles,were observed during intensive primary emissions episodes.The particle effective densities showed a diurnal variation pattern,with higher values during daytime.A case study showed that the effective density of Aitken mode particles during the new particle formation(NPF) event decreased considerably,indicating the significant contribution of organics to new particle growth.     

基于EBK插值预测和GDM模型的襄州区耕地土壤重金属时空分布及来源变化分析

为探讨襄州区重金属空间格局时空变化及其来源变化,于2009年11月和2019年11月分别在襄州区耕地土壤采集395个和326个土壤样品,测得两年铬（Cr）、铅（Pb）、砷（As）、汞（Hg）和镉（Cd）含量,采用经验贝叶斯克里金法（EBK）得出两年5种土壤重金属含量空间格局情况及变化量分布情况,并利用地理探测器模型（GDM）计算19种环境因子和5种重金属含量q解释力并比较两年变化情况.结果表明,与2009年相比,2019年襄州区Cr、Pb、Hg和As这4种土壤重金属含量整体趋于降低,Cd整体含量增加;2019年襄州区土壤重金属含量空间分异情况较2009年趋于复杂,Pb、Hg和Cd在南部、Hg在中部市区及周边地区也表现为含量增加;各元素向北及西北部地区表现为含量降低.2019年自然因子和污染企业距离对5种土壤重金属含量单因子解释力均有所下降,且单因子主控下对其含量的影响力显著性降低,而人类活动因子尤其是居民点用地距离、道路距离、污染企业用地和环境因子对土壤重金属元素的叠加影响力增强.说明2019年土壤重金属来源变化由以结构性因素为主要影响因素趋于复杂,污染企业的排放对重金属元素影响力降低,而人类活动对重金属含量影响增加.     

宝山区环境监测预警体系的建设

环境监测预警体系的建设是提升管理能力和环境监测的要求,该体系的实现需要依赖监测体系、预警体系、信息发布系统和相应的应对措施等内容。该系统能全面反映环境质量状况和趋势,准确预警应急突发环境事件,及时提出有效的应对措施。本文根据宝山区的环境问题的现状与特点以及环境监测应对突发环境问题的现状,提出完善各类环境监测网络、健全和完善环境监测技术体系等对策。先进的监测系统将有力地促进宝山区社会、经济、环境的协调发展。     

武汉长江新城地下水化学特征及成因分析

为研究武汉地下水水化学特征及形成原因,以长江新城为研究区,于2019年7-9月采集地表水和地下水样品,对区内地下水和地表水进行测试分析.基于水化学结果,运用数理统计、离子比值分析、矿物饱和指数等方法,揭示了长江新城的水化学演化过程和主要离子来源.结果表明,区内地下水阳离子以Ca²⁺为主,阴离子以HCO₃^-为主,地下水和地表水的补给来源密切相关.地下水主要受岩石风化作用控制,同时还受一定程度的蒸发浓缩作用影响,主要离子来源受碳酸盐岩溶解沉淀控制,也存在硅酸盐岩和蒸发盐岩风化溶解作用的影响.地下水受生活污水和农业肥料施用影响较大.