国家级新区发展异质性及驱动机制研究——以上海浦东新区和南京江北新区为例

国家级新区建设是转型期国家推动新型工业化和城镇化战略的重要手段,推动了城市空间重构和功能重组,从而成为城市研究热点。从经济发展、人口集聚规模以及建设用地扩张三个维度刻画对比了上海浦东新区和南京江北新区的发展的异质性,并进一步剖析发展的驱动机制,发现两地发展异质性的表象原因是发展阶段的差异,更深层的是区域发展驱动机制的差异:交通等基础设施建设能强化新区与母城的联系,是实现新区快速健康发展的基础,浦东新区完善的交通运输体系对所在区域及全市的经济快速增长产生了重要影响;而全球资本汇聚、产城融合、城市大事件营销是新区快速发展的重要驱动力;发展型政府的作用及政治精英的影响力对国家级新区发展也具有重要的推动作用。基于上述研究,对于新型工业化和城镇化背景下新区的健康发展提出了政策建议。     

丘陵山区都市边缘农村居民点土地利用空间特征分析——以重庆两江新区为例

分析丘陵山区都市边缘的农村居民点土地利用空间特征,对于科学认识自然条件与社会经济发展交错影响下的新型农村人地关系具有重要意义。以重庆市两江新区为例,从居民点用地规模特征、居民点空间分异特征、居民点分形特征以及居民点空间格局四方面对农村居民点土地利用空间特征进行了分析。结果表明:两江新区农村居民点用地规模表现出明显的地域差异,在区域内部,受高程、坡度、地质灾害分布、水系、城镇和交通的影响,农村居民点用地表现出较强的空间分异特征,其中有相当一部分居民点的交通及基础设施条件亟待改善;两江新区内农村居民点分形维数介于1.12~1.53之间,由西南向东北方向逐步增大,围绕城市呈现"扇形圈层结构"特征,距离城镇越远农村居民点斑块结构越复杂;从居民点空间格局来看,两江新区镇域尺度上的农村居民点呈现出集聚、均匀与随机3种分布状态,图斑尺度的居民点受地形约束总体上呈条带状分布,在此基础上城镇发展的极化作用吸引农村居民点向城镇集中,形成若干聚集区。研究结果可为丘陵地区开展土地整治及模式探讨、土地利用规划筹提供参考。     

乡镇居民点规模—功能系统耦合协调发展研究——以重庆市潼南区为例

借鉴耦合理论,建立了乡镇居民点规模-功能耦合系统,以潼南区为案例,采用熵权法、耦合协调度评价和空间集聚分析等方法,对2014年潼南区22个乡镇居民点规模-功能的耦合协调发展状态进行评价。研究发现,经济规模是乡镇居民点规模的主要决定因素。第三产业是影响居民点生产功能的主要因素,教育医疗则是影响生活功能的主要因素,建成区绿化面积是影响居民点生态功能的主要因素。潼南区乡镇居民点规模-功能耦合协调发展水平在空间上具有明显的单核结构特征,区域发展具有较大的不平衡性。大部分乡镇规模-功能耦合处于拮抗状态,规模滞后状态,规模、功能建设发展都处于低水平状态。应当积极培育县城以外的区域次级增长中心,以缩小区域发展的不平衡性。在村镇居民点的规划中,应重视居民点经济规模的地位与作用,以求更为合理的预测居民点规模,并规划建设居民点功能。     

Structural challenges that contributed to the decline of the communities for climate protection programme

In 2004 New Zealand's (NZ) Labour-led government launched the Communities for Climate Protection – NZ (CCP-NZ) programme. Following a shift in Government leadership in 2008, from Clark's Labour-led to Key's National-led government, the CCP-NZ programme was discontinued. Through the narratives of managers charged with the implementation and delivery of the CCP-NZ programme, this paper explores the structural challenges that contributed to the initiative's decline in NZ local government. This research contributes to the academic literature by shedding light on the outworking of a local government carbon management strategy. Additionally, this study provides policy makers and managers seeking to embark on organisational carbon mitigation the opportunity to glean insight from the experience of public sector managers responsible for the CCP-NZ programme.     

Ethnicity, politics and inequality: post-tsunami humanitarian aid delivery in Ampara District, Sri Lanka

The provision of humanitarian aid at times of disaster in multi-ethnic community settings may lead to conflict, tension and even the widening of the distance between various ethnic groups. That aid agencies distribute humanitarian aid directly to affected communities, to speed up recovery, may often lead to chaos and the intensification of ethnic sentiments. The new distribution mechanisms introduced for the delivery of tsunami aid in Ampara District, Sri Lanka, did not recognise local networks and the culture of the ethnically mixed community setting. This paper analyses post-tsunami aid distribution in Ampara and shows how such an extemporised effort in an ethnically cognisant context increased ethnic division, inequality and disorder, while marginalising the poor segments of the affected population. It recommends the inclusion of local networks in aid dissemination as a measure for improving ethnic neutrality and social harmony in disaster-hit multi-ethnic communities.     

Quantitative Evaluation on Urban Ecosystem Carrying Capacity in Tianjin Binhai New Area

Based on the concept of ecosystem carrying capacity, the indicator system of quantitative assessment was set up, which consisted of support indicator system and pressure indicator system. And the factor analysis method was used to screen the indicator system. Different from the traditional indicator weight determination based on the absolute values of the coefficients of regression equation, the squares of factor loadings in the rotated component matrix were attempted to determine the weights of 40 assessment indicators. The result shows that ecological support system and pressure system in Binhai New Area are relatively balanced among six years, and the developing level of urban ecosystem is basically healthy on the whole. However, due to continuously increasing pressure of the resources consumption caused by the rapid growth of the second industry, which is the Leading Industry of Binhai New Area, the ecosystem carrying capacity reached the minimum in 2005.     

In-stand scenic beauty of variable retention harvests and mature forests in the U.S. Pacific Northwest: The effects of basal area, density, retention pattern and down wood

Tensions between amenity- and timber-based economies in the U.S. and Canadian Pacific Northwest motivated a study of scenic beauty inside mature forests and timber harvests. A diverse sample of regional forests, measures of forest structure, and large, representative samples of photographs and public judges were employed to measure scenic beauty inside un-harvested mature and old-growth forests, and timber harvests. The latter varied systematically in down wood levels and retention level and pattern. Scenic beauty tended to be optimized at a basal area of 110–155 m³/ha and/or 700–900 trees/ha. Older forests and those with larger trees were perceived to be more beautiful. In harvests, greater retention levels, less down wood, and dispersed rather than aggregated retention patterns contributed to aesthetic improvements. Green-tree retention harvests offer considerable potential gains in perceived scenic beauty compared to perceived very ugly clearcuts, particularly at higher retention levels. These gains are more reliable from dispersed retention patterns. The silvicultural parameters studied change strength in affecting scenic beauty with changes in retention level. These interactions are explored in relation to a range of scenic quality objectives as an aid to planners, visual impact analysts, and silviculturists.     

Indoor air quality investigation according to age of the school buildings in Korea

Since the majority of schools are housed in buildings dating from the 1960s and 1970s, a comprehensive construction and renovation program of school buildings has been carried out to improve the educational conditions in Korea. However, classrooms and computer rooms, with pressed wood desks, chairs and furnishings, as well as construction materials, might have negative effects on the indoor air quality. Furthermore, most schools have naturally ventilated classrooms. The purpose of this study was to characterize the concentrations of different indoor air pollutants within Korean schools and to compare their indoor levels within schools according to the age of school buildings. Indoor and outdoor air samples of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO(2)), particulate matter (PM(10)), total microbial count (TBC), total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) and formaldehyde (HCHO) were obtained during summer, autumn and winter from three sites; a classroom, a laboratory and a computer classroom at 55 different schools. The selection of the schools was based on the number of years since the schools had been constructed. The problems causing indoor air pollution at the schools were chemicals emitted by building materials or furnishings, and insufficient ventilation rates. The I/O ratio for HCHO was 6.32 during the autumn, and the indoor HCHO concentrations (mean = 0.16 ppm) in schools constructed within 1 year were significantly higher than the Korean Indoor Air Standard, indicating that schools have indoor sources of HCHO. Therefore, increasing the ventilation rate by means of a mechanical system and the use of low-emission furnishings can play key roles in improving the indoor air quality within schools.     

Natural Resource Assessment: An Approach to Science Based Planning in National Parks

We conducted a natural resource assessment at two national parks, New River Gorge National River and Shenandoah National Park, to help meet the goals of the Natural Resource Challenge—a program to help strengthen natural resource management at national parks. We met this challenge by synthesizing and interpreting natural resource information for planning purposes and we identified information gaps and natural significance of resources. We identified a variety of natural resources at both parks as being globally and/or nationally significant, including large expanses of unfragmented, mixed-mesophytic forests that qualify for wilderness protection, rare plant communities, diverse assemblages of neotropical migratory birds and salamanders, and outstanding aquatic recreational resources. In addition, these parks function, in part, as ecological reserves for plants in and wildlife. With these significant natural resources in mind, we also developed a suite of natural resource management recommendations in light of increasing threats from within and outside park boundaries. We hope that our approach can provide a blueprint for natural resource conservation at publically owned lands.