土地资源承载力在规划环评中的应用研究

土地资源是人类社会发展的基础,开展土地资源承载力研究,并将其引入规划环评中,对于完善规划环评技术方法,更好的发挥其战略指导作用,协调土地资源开发与经济发展和环境保护之间的关系具有重要的意义。本文对土地资源系统进行分析,重新框定土地资源承载力的概念和内涵;建立规划环评土地资源承载力分析的理论模型,并基于DSR模式,构建出一套可操作性强的规划环评土地资源承载力分析指标体系;开展广州南沙区规划环评土地资源承载力分析的应用研究,提出规划调整建议。     

浅谈景星镇新农村生态建设中绿化树种选择

以"村容整洁"为核心的村庄绿化是新农村生态建设重要内容。绿化树种选择应优先选择乡土树种,兼顾经济、环境效益与景观的统一。     

天津滨海新区围海造地的生态环境影响分析

选择具有重要典型意义的环渤海城市快速扩张地区渤海湾西岸天津滨海新区段为例,从宏观的景观格局变化与时空演变,微观尺度上的近海生态环境变化方面分析了天津滨海新区围海造地的生态环境影响。结果显示:(1)随着天津滨海新区2006年纳入国家发展战略以及总体规划的实施,围海造地面积从2004年的52.32 km2迅速增加2010年的312.78km2,规划到2020年将增加到425.94 km2,人工岸线从41.16 km增加到217.79 km,造成景观自然性急剧下降,人类对近海的干扰强度过大。(2)对纳潮量造成影响,经过围海造地,天津滨海新区段纳潮量减少了13.7%,纳潮量的减少进一步影响了污染物的稀释与扩散。(3)海洋生态功能受到影响2,010年渤海湾天津滨海新区段的近海生态服务价值将下降18%。     

Environmental whole farm management plans: their character, diversity, and use as agri-environmental indicators in New Zealand

This paper reports on a nationwide survey of environmental farm plan programmes and plan characteristics, towards determining New Zealand's (NZ's) capability and eligibility for reporting on the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development's (OECD) environmental whole farm management plan agri-environmental indicator. Considerations regarding the validity of the indicator are discussed. Environmental farm planning in NZ is widespread, fragmented, and diverse. Nine of NZ's 16 regional authorities have environmental farm plan programmes involving 20 different types of environmental farm plans. Potentially half of NZ's total area of farmland is included, but this is reduced by limited and selective use of environmental farm plans as policy instruments. Three authorities are capable of readily reporting the number and coverage of their environmental farm plans; six would need to manually compile the information. Compliance monitoring is mostly informal, but necessary for checking the implementation of plan works and actions. Eligibility of NZ environmental farm plans cannot be determined until the OECD define acceptance standards. A contemporary definition of environmental farm plans is proposed, along with additional criteria necessary to ensure such plans are credible indicators of issue ownership, adoption of best management practice, and landscape changes intended to improve environmental quality.     

Adoption of Stream Fencing Among Dairy Farmers in Four New Zealand Catchments

The effect of dairy farming on water quality in New Zealand streams has been identified as an important environmental issue. Stream fencing, to keep cattle out of streams, is seen as a way to improve water quality. Fencing ensures that cattle cannot defecate in the stream, prevents bank erosion, and protects the aquatic habitat. Stream fencing targets have been set by the dairy industry. In this paper the results of a study to identify the factors influencing dairy farmers' decisions to adopt stream fencing are outlined. Qualitative methods were used to gather data from 30 dairy farmers in four New Zealand catchments. Results suggest that farm contextual factors influenced farmers' decision making when considering stream fencing. Farmers were classified into four segments based on their reasons for investing in stream fencing. These reasons were fencing boundaries, fencing for stock control, fencing to protect animal health, and fencing because of pressure to conform to local government guidelines or industry codes of practice. This suggests that adoption may be slow in the absence of on-farm benefits, that promotion of stream fencing needs to be strongly linked to on-farm benefits, and that regulation could play a role in ensuring greater adoption of stream fencing.     

Distribution of Diatoms in Relation to Land Use and pH in Blackwater Coastal Plain Streams

We compared the composition of diatom assemblages collected from New Jersey Pinelands blackwater streams draining four different land uses, including forest land, abandoned-cranberry bogs, active-cranberry bogs, and developed and upland-agricultural land. Over a 2-year period (2002-2003), we collected 132 diatom taxa at 14 stream sites. Between-year variability in the composition of stream samples was high. Most diatom species were rarely encountered and were found in low abundance. Specific conductance and pH were higher at developed/agricultural sites compared with all other site types. Neither species richness nor genus richness was significantly different between stream types. However, clear community patterns were evident, and a significant difference in species composition existed between the developed/agricultural sites and both cranberry and forest sites. The primary community gradient, represented by the first axis of a DCA ordination, was associated with variations in pH and specific conductance. Although community patterns revealed by ordinating the data collected in 2002 differed from those obtained using the 2003 data, both ordinations contrasted the developed/agricultural sites and the other sites. Acidobiontic and acidophilous diatoms characterized the dominant species at forest, abandoned-bog, and cranberry sites, whereas indifferent species dominated the developed/agricultural samples. Although our study demonstrated a relationship between the composition of diatom assemblages and watershed conditions, several factors, including taxonomic problems, the large number of diatom species, incomplete pH classifications, and year-to-year variability may limit the utility of diatom species as indicators of watershed conditions in the New Jersey Pinelands.     

雄安新区富硒土地资源分布特征及开发利用评价

采集雄安新区表层土壤样品（0~20cm）、大宗农作物（小麦籽实）及根系土样品,利用GIS空间分析、相关分析等方法对土壤硒含量分布、富集特征及影响因素进行分析,基于生态位适宜性评价理论模型开展富硒土地资源开发利用适宜性评价.结果表明：新区表层富硒土地16993hm²,土壤中硒赋存形态以强有机结合态为主,其次为残渣态和腐殖酸结合态,三者占土壤硒总量的87%以上,生物可利用态硒含量所占比例相对较小（水溶态硒占比4.44%、离子交换态硒占比3.43%）.小麦籽实样品富硒率28.45%,籽实中硒含量与根系土壤中硒含量具有显著相关性（r=0.77,P<0.01）.土壤硒富集主要受第四纪沉积地貌环境的影响,此外灌溉水、化肥和大气干湿沉降（燃煤降尘）等外源输入也影响贫化富集.土壤硒含量与沉积地貌环境“标志性”土壤指标Al₂O₃、Fe₂O₃、MgO和K₂O含量,土壤有机碳（Corg.）、阳离子交换量（CEC）、黏粒和粉粒含量等具有显著正相关关系,与SiO₂、Na₂O含量和土壤砂粒含量等具有显著负相关关系（P<0.01）.基于生态位评价理论模型,新区富硒土地资源开发利用适宜性评价结果表明：高适宜区（Ⅰ级）和中适宜区（Ⅱ级）主要位于新区西北容城县南张镇和小里镇、安新县寨里乡和老河头镇等地,土地面积为14397.35hm²,占新区规划总面积的8.13%.     

Measurement and modeling of urban atmospheric PCB concentrations on a small (8 km) spatial scale

Atmospheric transport and deposition of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) is an important problem for ecosystems around the world. Data from several monitoring networks demonstrate that atmospheric PCB concentrations are dramatically elevated in urban areas compared to rural or background regions, such that these urban emissions of PCBs support the regional and global transport and deposition of PCBs to more remote areas. Identifying and controlling the sources of urban atmospheric PCBs is thus essential in minimizing the regional and global transport and deposition of these compounds. From December 1999 to November 2000, gas-phase PCB concentrations were measured at two monitoring locations, 8 km apart, within the New York City metropolitan area, at Jersey City and Bayonne, NJ. Concentrations, congener patterns, and temporal patterns of PCBs differ dramatically at the two sites, suggesting that a significant source of atmospheric PCBs exists within 8 km of the Bayonne site, resulting in spikes in gas-phase PCB concentration at Bayonne that are not observed at Jersey City. The Regional Atmospheric Model System (RAMS) coupled with the Hybrid Particle and Concentration Transport model (HYPACT) was used to estimate that the PCB source near Bayonne emits a flux of ΣPCBs on the order of 100 g d⁻¹. Extrapolation of this source magnitude to the area of New York City suggests that this urban area emits at least 300 kg yr⁻¹ ΣPCBs to the regional atmosphere, similar in magnitude to the flow of ΣPCB out of the Upper Hudson River into the New York/New Jersey Harbor.     

新时代我国自然资源综合科学考察研究的挑战与展望

自然资源综合科学考察是基础性科技工作,对于服务国民经济和社会发展具有重要的科技支撑作用。进入21世纪,我国自然资源综合科学考察工作从低谷中逐步复苏,但依然面临科考人才断档、经费支持不足、跨国考察组织艰难、重大成果产出不多等诸多挑战。本文从地域范围、队伍组成、技术手段、成果影响等角度总结了我国综合科学考察工作的最新进展,并展望新时代,提出了我国综合科学考察研究工作的六大发展趋势,包括：从综合科学考察向自然资源综合考察研究转变;考察国际化进程将加快;注重多学科综合考察与宏观微观结合调查;考察技术将更加多样化、智能化和精准化;考察信息数据共享平台支撑能力更加强大;科考人才的培养成为紧迫需求将得到加强。