美国污染场地清理的风险评估简介及政策制定

本文主要介绍美国加州污染场地清理的风险评估的概念,方法,计算和风险管理.从而引进挥发性污染物室内入侵风险评估方法来制定污染场地清理标准.讨论如何运用数学模型计算土壤清理浓度和挥发性污染物室内入侵风险评估.在风险评估基础上,加州环保署水质管理局颁布了地下储油罐低风险结案政策.政策中的污染场地清理定量标准是由人体健康风险评估方法计算得出.最后,用一个具体的美国加州洛杉矶案例介绍风险评估方法是怎样运用在污染场地清理修复中,以回答污染场地修复的关键问题"多干净算干净".     

北京市建筑施工扬尘排放特征

颗粒物是北京市首要空气污染物,其排放控制是大气污染防治的重要内容,施工扬尘是北京市大气颗粒物的重要来源.由于人口增长及经济的发展,住宅及办公场地的需求不断增加,使得北京市房屋建筑施工面积居高不下,建筑施工扬尘污染受到越来越多的关注,但有关量化施工扬尘排放量及其对北京市空气污染贡献的研究相对较少.本文建立一套建筑施工扬尘排放量的估算方法,采用本地化排放因子估算了北京市2000~2015年建筑施工扬尘排放量,识别施工扬尘的排放特征和规律,并定量了排放量的不确定性范围.采用WRF/CMAQ模式系统模拟量化建筑施工扬尘对空气质量的影响,提出施工扬尘污染控制对策和建议,为环境决策提供参考.结果表明,多年来北京市建筑施工扬尘排放量呈波浪式上升,近年来施工面积有所回落,但仍处于高位,颗粒物排放量仍然较大,需要引起足够的重视;在时间分布上,夏季和秋季的施工扬尘排放量较大,在空间分布上,施工扬尘主要集中在城市功能拓展区和近郊区,与人类活动的外延和城镇化的逐步向外发展有关.建筑施工扬尘对全市环境空气中PM_(10)和PM2.5浓度贡献可达31.3μg·m~(-3)和9.6μg·m~(-3).通过污染控制情景设置和分析,本研究认为要使2030年施工扬尘排放得到较好地削减,应执行更加严格的绿色施工管理规程和加强施工环境监管.     

中国工业污染场地修复发展状况分析

近十年来,污染场地修复工作得以重视和发展。目前我国已完成工业污染场地修复项目达200余例,并逐步形成产业规模。通过长期调研、咨询,收集到了国内现有的大多数工业污染场地修复项目,共计166例。通过对这些项目进行分析,初步阐述了目前我国工业污染场地修复行业的一些发展特点:行业发展前景广阔,项目数量逐年增多,但资金来源仍是主要制约因素;修复项目主要集中在土地价值较高的一线及省会城市,有机类污染场地主要分布沿海地区,而重金属污染场地主要分布于西南、中南地区;修复工期普遍较短,58.3%的项目工期小于半年;修复技术相对粗糙,以异位修复为主,固化稳定化、化学处理和水泥窑焚烧技术应用次数最多。总体而言,我国土壤修复行业还处于起步阶段。     

Web GIS信息系统对在南京考古遗址中的地理环境影响研究

考古文献是历史地理研究中一个重要的数据来源,在互联网时代对纸质文本进行数字化并根据考古遗址的时空特点建立信息系统,具有重要的意义.针对考古遗址的空间位置不明确,考古遗址信息系统注重空间特性但缺乏对原始文献的重视,基于WebGIS、关系型数据库技术以及MVC系统架构,设计并实现了南京考古遗址信息系统.从考古文献中提取考古遗址各种属性信息,构建考古遗址时空数据库,基于WebGIS信息系统发布南京考古遗址,实现考古遗址的时空可视化以及各个遗址点相关文献的原文阅读.提出了一种将考古遗址信息从单一的文本展示到融合时空信息的多维信息展示的技术流程,并为研究南京的历史地理学者提供了便捷的考古遗址资料共享平台.     

基于站点观测和模式模拟的北京市土壤湿度

为了获取全面的地面表层的时空变化信息,研究行政区域尺度内的水循环和能量循环,必需结合模型模拟和站点观测。基于国家气象局开发的时空连续的CLDAS土壤湿度产品,结合已获取的北京市区域内82个监测站点的逐日土壤湿度监测数据,评估CLDAS土壤湿度产品在行政区域尺度内的准确性与一致性,进一步获取北京市行政区域内的精确、全面、连续的土壤湿度时空变化信息,并在此基础上分析北京市土壤墒情时空变异特征。对比分析CLDAS产品和站点观测两种土壤湿度数据显示,北京市2013年10月1日至12月31日范围内CLDAS产品具有以下特点：CLDAS产品基本与观测数据具有一致变化的趋势,除顺义外CLDAS产品均高于观测数据。当日20∶00的土壤湿度均高于8∶00的土壤湿度,在平均气温降为0 ℃后,土壤湿度波动剧烈,20∶00与8∶00的土壤湿度出现显著差异。在时间尺度上,随着降水的减少,北京市的土壤湿度在逐渐降低。在空间尺度上,北京市干旱范围在逐渐扩大,并且呈现以昌平为中心的极旱逐渐蔓延至多个区。由于顺义区土壤相对湿度较高,呈现另外一个以顺义为中心的土壤相对湿度逐渐变小的区域,但空间范围变化较小。     

华东区域高山背景点PM10 和PM2.5 背景值及污染特征

为了解华东森林及高山背景区域大气中PM10和PM2.5质量浓度的变化特征,选取国家大气背景监测福建武夷山站2011年3月～2012年2月PM10、PM2.5为期1 a的监测数据,研究其浓度变化特征及其影响因子,并利用后向轨迹模式探讨区域输送对背景区域PM10和PM2.5质量浓度的影响.结果表明:华东森林及高山区域现阶段PM10和PM2.5背景浓度分别为(23±16)μg·m-3和(18±12)μg·m-3;PM10和PM2.5浓度具有相同的季节变化特征,即春季>秋季>冬季>夏季,2011年春季武夷山背景点因受沙尘远距离输送影响,PM10和PM2.5浓度明显高于其它三季;武夷山背景地区主要以细粒子为主,PM2.5/PM10年平均比值为0.76;PM10和PM2.5浓度与气体污染物均有较好的相关性,表明PM10和PM2.5可能来源于区域人为污染源的输送和二次粒子转化;2011年4月的污染事件与北方沙尘输送有关,而9月的污染事件主要与华东高污染负荷区的污染物输送有关.     

Evaluating weather effects on interannual variation in net ecosystem productivity of a coastal temperate forest landscape: A model intercomparison

Forest productivity is strongly affected by seasonal weather patterns and by natural or anthropogenic disturbances. However weather effects on forest productivity are not currently represented in inventory-based models such as CBM-CFS3 used in national forest C accounting programs. To evaluate different approaches to modelling these effects, a model intercomparison was conducted among CBM-CFS3 and four process models (ecosys, CN-CLASS, Can-IBIS and 3PG) over a 2500 ha landscape in the Oyster River (OR) area of British Columbia, Canada. The process models used local weather data to simulate net primary productivity (NPP), net ecosystem productivity (NEP) and net biome productivity (NBP) from 1920 to 2005. Other inputs used by the process and inventory models were generated from soil, land cover and disturbance records. During a period of intense disturbance from 1928 to 1943, simulated NBP diverged considerably among the models. This divergence was attributed to differences among models in the sizes of detrital and humus C stocks in different soil layers to which a uniform set of soil C transformation coefficients was applied during disturbances. After the disturbance period, divergence in modelled NBP among models was much smaller, and attributed mainly to differences in simulated NPP caused by different approaches to modelling weather effects on productivity. In spite of these differences, age-detrended variation in annual NPP and NEP of closed canopy forest stands was negatively correlated with mean daily maximum air temperature during July-September (T_amax) in all process models (R² = 0.4-0.6), indicating that these correlations were robust. The negative correlation between T_amax and NEP was attributed to different processes in different models, which were tested by comparing CO₂ fluxes from these models with those measured by eddy covariance (EC) under contrasting air temperatures (T_a). The general agreement in sensitivity of annual NPP to T_amax among the process models led to the development of a generalized algorithm for weather effects on NPP of coastal temperate coniferous forests for use in inventory-based models such as CBM-CFS3: NPP′ = NPP − 57.1 (T_amax − 18.6), where NPP and NPP′ are the current and temperature-adjusted annual NPP estimates from the inventory-based model, 18.6 is the long-term mean daily maximum air temperature during July-September, and T_amax is the mean value for the current year. Our analysis indicated that the sensitivity of NPP to T_amax was nonlinear, so that this algorithm should not be extrapolated beyond the conditions of this study. However the process-based methodology to estimate weather effects on NPP and NEP developed in this study is widely applicable to other forest types and may be adopted for other inventory based forest carbon cycle models.     

Occupational Risk Identification Using Hand-Held or Laptop Computers

This paper describes the Work Environment Profile (WEP) program and its use in risk identification by computer. It is installed into a hand-held computer or a laptop to be used in risk identification during work site visits. A 5-category system is used to describe the identified risks in 7 groups, i.e., accidents, biological and physical hazards, ergonomic and psychosocial load, chemicals, and information technology hazards. Each group contains several qualifying factors. These 5 categories are colour-coded at this stage to aid with visualization. Risk identification produces visual summary images the interpretation of which is facilitated by colours. The WEP program is a tool for risk assessment which is easy to learn and to use both by experts and nonprofessionals. It is especially well adapted to be used both in small and in larger enterprises. Considerable time is saved as no paper notes are needed.     

Investigation and identification of factors affecting migrating peasant workers’ usage of safety footwear in the Chinese construction industry

A sample of 300 migrating peasant workers from 15 Chinese building construction sites completed a demographic questionnaire to investigate the usage of safety footwear. The survey form was constructed based on the theory of planned behaviour, and a total of 12 questions focusing on the workers’ past experience, attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control were included in the survey. It was found that 92% of the participants did not wear safety footwear while working on construction sites, although more than 91% of them believed that safety footwear would protect the foot from injury; none of the participants had been provided free safety footwear by their employer. Regression analysis shows that employers’ attitude is the most important factor affecting their usage of safety footwear, ‘providing free safety footwear’ and ‘comfortability of the safety footwear’ ranking second and third respectively.     

创建安全文明工地之我见

从安全生产意识和安全文化的角度，阐述了工地建筑安全管理的意义和方法，提出了建立安全管理体系的必要性。