论滇池海口闸择址重建的必要性及闸址比选

分析海口闸既有建筑物及设施的现状,从消除原水闸安全隐患,提高水位调控和泄洪除涝安全可靠性,为滇池水污染治理和水资源调度提供顺畅通道,为下游工农业用水和生态需水提供保障,提升海口河周边环境景观,保护历史建筑物等方面论述了择址重建海口闸的必要性,并根据地形、工程规模、控制范围、动拆迁量、工程地质、总体布置、工程施工、运行管理、总投资等论证比选了可行的闸址方案。     

多功能区工业园土壤和地表灰尘重金属污染及生态风险差异分析

多功能区工业园具有生产和生活的双重功能,园区内有色金属的冶炼和加工可能导致重金属污染从而威胁人体健康.本文选取位于长江经济带下游地区安徽中部某地级市的一个以铜加工和机械制原件为主导产业的工业园区为研究对象,通过采集并测试土壤和灰尘样品,对该园区土壤和灰尘重金属的空间分布和垂直分布特征进行分析,借助生态风险指数来评估可能存在的较高风险区域,利用相关性分析和主成分分析对重金属来源进行识别,将研究结果与不同地块分区的使用功能结合讨论,并从土壤与灰尘重金属在分布和含量上差异来探讨风险管控相关措施.结果表明,在土壤和灰尘的空间分布特征上,园区土壤中Cu、Zn、As、Pb和Cd的含量要明显高于当地土壤背景值,分别达到背景值的2.65、1.76、1.56、2.14和3.87倍.灰尘的重金属含量则明显高于土壤,Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Hg、As、Pb和Cd的含量均超过背景值,分别达到背景值的1.93、1.05、7.57、4.63、6.08、5.39、2.58和5.50倍.水平分布上,土壤重金属含量和综合生态风险较高的区域主要集中在园区西部;垂直分布上,随着土壤深度的增加,重金属含量并没有出现显著地上升或者下降趋势.灰尘的高重金属含量和高生态风险地区则更靠近主要的交通干道.主成分分析结果表明,靠近西边的土壤重金属偏高主要原因,可能来源于早期河水灌溉.而道路交通是导致灰尘重金属含量偏高的主要因素的可能性较大.这一土壤和灰尘重金属在空间分布来源上的差异,将对园区加强风险管控提供可参考的科学建议.包括根据不同区域的使用功能分区管理,来减少重金属对生态环境造成的污染和危害人体健康的可能性.     

Landscape disturbance caused by non-renewable energy production in a semi-arid region: a case study on the Russian steppe

Exploration and development of oil and gas (O&G) energy resources can create large-scale and permanent landscape effects that are best measured and understood via fieldwork and geospatial technologies. In this article, we examine O&G surface disturbance in the Orenburg steppe region of southwestern Russia for the year 2015. Utilizing field surveys, remote-sensing data and geographic information system (GIS) techniques, we apply a two-pronged approach. First, we map and measure the landscape infrastructure footprint (LIF) to determine the pattern and extent of direct surface disturbance created by O&G facilities and access roads. Second, we conduct a site suitability analysis to identify specific O&G production locations that are most vulnerable to environmental degradation. The approach considers both the particular properties of hydrocarbon production and specific natural features of steppe zones. Suitability patterns represent three indicators: two morphometric parameters (slope and aspect) and one spatial (the remoteness of O&G objects from water bodies). Our findings suggest that O&G production disturbs just over 3% of soil-vegetation cover in our study plot, while more than 13% of O&G objects are located in unsuitable zones based on topographic aspect, and about 11% lie in unsuitable zones regarding distance to water.     

耦合健康风险与生命周期评价的场地修复环境经济影响评估

我国污染场地数量众多,对当地环境和健康安全造成了巨大威胁,亟待开展治理修复,同时也需要关注修复过程的绿色可持续性.本文基于绿色可持续修复（GSR）的理念,提出了健康风险评价（HRA）和生命周期评价（LCA）耦合的评估框架,用于计算结合健康风险和修复二次环境影响的净环境效益（NEB）,并以中国西南地区某多环芳烃和汞污染的工业场地为例,在现行的修复目标制定框架内,对不同修复目标下的NEB进行了评估.结果表明,在不同权衡选择下,案例最佳的修复目标带来的NEB是直接选择筛选值目标的1.6~15倍,单位经济投入带来的NEB是直接选择筛选值的3~7倍.决策者可应用提出的综合评估框架,平衡当地环境质量改善和修复过程的二次影响,以提高场地修复工程的环境经济可持续性.     

污染地块土壤多氯联苯风险筛选值研究

污染地块土壤多氯联苯（PCBs）污染主要来自含PCBs电力设备封存点的泄漏及非故意产生源,建立土壤PCBs筛选标准是开展PCBs污染地块调查、评估和修复的基础.本研究通过文献分析统计了典型PCBs单体的占比,并基于人体健康风险评估模型推导了污染地块土壤PCBs风险筛选值.结果表明,不同商用PCBs混合物中共平面PCBs总量（∑Co-PCBs）占比为0.01%~16.10%,难以代表PCBs的总体风险水平.研究建立了PCBs总量、指示性PCBs总量（∑Id-PCBs）及∑Co-PCBs等3个指标共同作为土壤PCBs筛选值体系,敏感用地和非敏感用地情景下,PCBs总量、∑Id-PCBs、∑Co-PCBs分别为2.10、0.24、0.03 mg·kg^-1和6.20、0.71、0.09 mg·kg^-1.通过6个含PCBs电容器地下封存点485个污染土壤样品的分析,进一步证明了仅控制∑Co-PCBs将低估PCBs污染风险,采用本研究提出的3个指标进行筛选能够更有效地识别和评估PCBs污染地块的风险.     

Washing out heavy metals from contaminated soils from an iron and steel smelting site

Washing is a promising method for separating contaminants bound to the particles of soil ex-situ by chemical mobilization. Laboratory batch washing experiments were conducted using deionized water and varying concentrations of oxalic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, acetic acid, hydrochloric acid and ethylenediaminetetra acetic acid (EDTA) to assess the efficiency of using these chemicals as washing agents and to clean up heavy metals from two heavily polluted soils from an iron and streel smelting site. The toxicity reduction index and remediation costs were analyzed, and the results showed that the soils were polluted with Cd, Pb and Zn. Hydrochloric acid and EDTA were more efficient than the other washing agents in the remediation of the test soils. The maximum total toxicity reduction index showed that 0.5 mol·L^-1 hydrochloric acid could achieve the remediation with the lowest costs.     

Assessment of the rangelands of southwestern Santiago del Estero, Argentina, for grazing management and research

Native rangelands of the southwest part of the province of Santiago del Estero, Argentina, are a key source of forage for cow-calf operations. The objectives of this study were to delineate the ecosystem units of the area, to describe the associated plant communities and to interpret the role that physical factors and disturbances such as fire and grazing have had in the changes of the structure of these plant communities. This information is needed for developing recommendations for grazing management, for prescribing appropriate improvement practices (e.g. shrub control, prescribed fire) and as guidelines for future research. The ecosystem was divided into smaller units using a hierarchical method, the categories of practical importance being 'range unit' and 'range site'. They represent the catchment and hillslope scale of the water runoff-runon phenomenon, respectively. Vegetation was sampled using a block and cluster sampling design, registering tree, shrub, forb and grass species frequency, and the standing aerial biomass of the herbaceous layer in a sampling unit=1 ha. Environmental data (topographic position, fire frequency, current and past use, and tree and shrub cover) were also registered for each sampling unit. Indirect ordination of sampling units classified according to range units and range sites, and correlation with environmental variables were performed using multidimensional scaling (MDS) as well as the vector fitting technique. Standing forage and stocking rate were estimated from biomass data. Results indicate that 'range site' is the ecosystem unit that should be considered for management purposes since it correlates well with plant communities: tall, hardwood forests are located on upland sites, woodlands are located on midland sites and savannas are located on lowland sites. Dense shrub thickets dominate in areas rated in poor condition, irrespective of range site. Disturbances such as fire and current and past use have a significant positive and negative correlation with range condition, respectively, suggesting that a state and transition model would explain vegetation dynamics better than the succession model. The estimated stocking rate in lowland sites in good condition was 2 ha UG(-1), while in upland sites in poor condition the stocking rate was 90 ha UG(-1). Active (fire, mechanical treatments) rather than passive (grazing management) methods should be used for range improvement in order to achieve the full potential of the ecosystem.     

荷兰填埋处置疏浚污染底泥的历程与实践

荷兰由于高度的工业化、发达的航运以及特殊的地形条件,造成境内的湖泊与河流严重污染,为了从根本上治理这些受到污染的水域,必须对水底含有众多污染物的底泥进行环保疏浚。本文先简要介绍荷兰关于处置疏浚污染底泥的政策和法规、底泥填埋的处置技术研究和修建封闭式填埋场的指导准则,最后介绍了一个污染底泥用填埋场处置的工程实例。     

电子垃圾拆解区土壤中典型手性PCBs分布及对映体特征

龙塘镇位于广东省清远市,是国内最大的进口电子垃圾集中处理处置地之一.通过对龙塘镇土壤中7种手性PCBs对映体浓度和对映体百分数(enantiomer fractions,EF)值的测定,发现龙塘镇土壤样品除PCB45和PCB174外,其余5种手性PCBs在土壤中均有不同程度的检出.土壤中5种目标手性PCBs(PCB91...     

高海拔高寒地区金属矿山采选固废安全处置现状及研究进展

针对高海拔寒区金属矿山采选固废处置成本高、有效处置率偏低、安全隐患多等问题,采用室内试验、理论分析、数值模拟及现场实践相结合的方法,开展高海拔寒区排土场散体物料物理力学性质、排土场稳定性、充填料浆输送、充填体固结性能、充填体改性增强等方面的研究,构建冻融循环条件下散体物料内部微观结构信息与宏观力学参数定量关系模型,揭示冻融循环下排土场致灾机理和低温低气压环境下胶结充填料浆固结演化特性,提出冻融循环下排土场堆置工艺和低温低气压环境下胶结充填料浆固结增强技术。相关成果对于提高我国高海拔高寒地区金属矿山采选固废的有效处置率,降低固废处置成本,保障矿山可持续发展具有重要的理论价值和实践指导意义。