新疆核试验场周围居民区食品中钚的放射性水平

本文对新疆核试验场周围9个地区和3个对照区近23种主要食品中的钚含量进行了分折测定。结果表明,调查区和对照区同类食品中钚含量无显著性差异,由食入钚所致调查区和对照区居民的有效待积剂量当量分别为7.65μSV和7.22μSV,此附加剂量不会对人体健康产生不良影响。在相对应的耕作土壤中钚向植物的转移系数在0.2%～5%之间,转移系数是叶菜类>根茎类>果实类。由积分沉积密度和该地区居民膳食中钚的摄入量估箅出P₂₃值,调查区为0.70B_q/m2,对照区为0.72B_q/m2,这一数值与UNSCEAR 1982年报告书给出的P₂₃值基本相符。      

垃圾填埋场渗沥水污染及控制研究

通过现场调查和模拟试验的方法,对武汉市郭茨口垃圾填埋场氧化塘和垃圾填埋渗沥水的特性进行了调研,查明了渗沥水的污染特性、降解规律,及氧化塘的运行状况和塘内渗沥水的污染负荷、分布特点.并对武汉市土壤和民用煤灰对渗沥水的吸附和防渗能力进行了初步研究。     

Improved utilization of active sites for phosphorus adsorption in FeOOH/anion exchanger nanocomposites via a glycol-solvothermal synthesis strategy

Metal oxide/hydroxide-based nanocomposite adsorbents with porous supporting matrices have been recognized as efficient adsorbents for phosphorus recovery. Aiming at satisfying increasingly restrictive environmental requirements involving improving metal site utilization and lowering metal leakage risk, a glycol-solvothermal confined-space synthesis strategy was proposed for the fabrication of Fe OOH/anion exchanger nanocomposites（Fe/900s）with enhanced metal site utilization and reduced metal lea...     

Ecological recovery of vegetation at a former industrial sludge basin and its implications to phytoremediation

Examination of a former industrial sludge basin containing organic pollutants showed that the basin had undergone substantial ecological recovery through natural forces following the removal of surface water in 1982. Conventional phases of ecological recovery (plant invasion and succession) have occurred, but the structure of the biodiverse plant community (51 species and 22 families) was different from that at a recovering non-polluted disturbed site. Three plant species (Bermuda grass, mulberry, and sunflower) believed to be early invaders of the basin still persist in large numbers indicating that these species are well suited to cope with normal environmental stresses at this area (i.e. seasonal drought and flood) as well as organic pollutants. There was an indication that early invaders of the site fostered disappearance of contaminants thereby creating more favorable conditions for a broader spectrum of plants to grow. Vegetation analyses of naturally vegetated hazardous waste sites hold promise as a screening device for identifying plant species and management practices worthy of further phytoremediation investigations.     

有机氯农药企业搬迁遗留场地土壤中污染物的垂向分布特征

为了解农药企业搬迁遗留场地土壤中六六六(HCHs)和滴滴涕(DDTs)的垂向分布特征,在某有机氯农药企业搬迁遗留场地的不同功能区设置采样点,分层采集土壤样品并分析其污染物的垂向分布特征.结果表明,在表层、亚表层土壤样品中w(HCHs)和w(DDTs)较高,随着深度的增加土壤中w(HCHs)和w(DDTs)逐渐下降,但下降幅度呈现出一定的波动性.该场地土壤中的有机氯农药引起地下水污染的风险较低.通过研究污染物的组成发现,土壤中作为母体化合物的w(DDT)较低,其代谢产物w(DDD)和w(DDE)较高,HCHs异构体中β-HCH所占比例相对较高,表明过去生产期间的遗留是土壤中有机氯农药的主要来源.土壤理化性质与污染物含量间的相关性分析结果显示,位于西南部试验厂区土壤中w(HCHs)和w(DDTs)与w(有机质)相关性显著,说明该场地土壤中的有机质是影响有机氯农药分布的重要因素之一.      

Linking Terrestrial and Marine Conservation Planning and Threats Analysis

Abstract:  The existence of the Gulf of Mexico dead zone makes it clear that marine ecosystems can be damaged by terrestrial inputs. Marine and terrestrial conservation planning need to be aligned in an explicit fashion to fully represent threats to marine systems. To integrate conservation planning for terrestrial and marine systems, we used a novel threats assessment that included 5 cross-system threats in a site-prioritization exercise for the Pacific Northwest coast ecoregion (U.S.A.). Cross-system threats are actions or features in one ecological realm that have effects on species in another realm. We considered bulkheads and other forms of shoreline hardening threats to terrestrial systems and roads, logging, agriculture, and urban areas threats to marine systems. We used 2 proxies of freshwater influence on marine environments, validated against a mechanistic model and field observations, to propagate land-based threats into marine sites. We evaluated the influence of cross-system threats on conservation priorities by comparing MARXAN outputs for 3 scenarios that identified terrestrial and marine priorities simultaneously: (1) no threats, (2) single-system threats, and (3) single- and cross-system threats. Including cross-system threats changed the threat landscape dramatically. As a result the best plan that included only single-system threats identified 323 sites (161,500 ha) at risk from cross-system threats. Including these threats changed the location of best sites. By comparing the best and sum solutions of the single- and cross-system scenarios, we identified areas ideal for preservation or restoration through integrated management. Our findings lend quantitative support to the call for explicitly integrated decision making and management action in terrestrial and marine ecosystems.     

社会发展与环境资源冲突的典型案例——济南市生活垃圾填埋处置场选址问题研究

用冲突分析理论分析了社会发展与环境资源冲突的典型案例——济南市生活垃圾填埋处置场的选址问题,预测了这一冲突的发展,研究设计了解决这一冲突问题的处理方案．     

北京市某废弃化工厂的人类健康风险评价

由于北京城市化速度的加快,五环路内的工厂将陆续搬迁,搬迁后的土地,使用功能将发生根本性变化,由于修复成本较高,是否对受污染土地进行修复,需要借助健康风险评价,以便确保人们的健康安全.运用美国的健康风险评价框架,对北京市某废弃化工厂场地进行了健康风险分析,计算了将该废弃场地用作居住用地对人类的健康风险指数及确定是否需要进行修复.在场地内,分2次进行了3层土壤采样,共采集到80个样品.选取Cr、Zn、Ni、Pb、Hg、Cu、As、Cd、DDT、六六六(HCH)和邻苯二甲酸二辛酯(DP)11种超标污染物作为目标污染物,对其进行健康风险评价.按照美国EPA的方法,选取了95%置信上限含量进行风险指数的计算.评价结果显示,该场地成人的非致癌风险指数为15.85,儿童的非致癌风险指数为18.17,均超过了非致癌风险指数可接受值1.0,表明该化工厂场地对成人和儿童均有非致癌风险;对成人,邻苯二甲酸二辛酯的致癌风险指数为不可接受值(>1×10-4),对儿童,邻苯二甲酸二辛脂和DDT的致癌风险为不可接受值(>1×10-4),其它污染物的致癌风险均在可接受范围之内.由于案例中的场地将被用作居住用地,建议对该场地进行部分修复.     

发达国家工业场地拆迁过程中污染防治管理经验及启示

综述了欧美发达国家工业企业搬迁中环境管理的方法,重点介绍了德国、英国、美国在管理工业场地拆迁方面的主要法规、工作规范和危险防控规程等内容,并在此基础上总结了其管理经验。分析了我国工业场地拆迁管理面临的问题,借鉴国外经验,提出了建立工业企业拆迁场地环境管理法律法规框架、制定详细的操作流程和规范、建立工业搬迁场地信息系统等建议。     

基于场地污染情况调查的某土壤有机污染环境污染损害评估案例研究

通过场地污染情况调查对某土壤有机污染的环境损害进行鉴定评估,分析了污染物性质、事件发生的空间范围及时间范围,对环境损害进行了量化,以期为相关案例评估提供依据。