二氧化氯深度处理垃圾渗滤液研究

利用二氧化氯对生物处理后的垃圾渗滤液进行深度处理,根据废水中有效氯浓度、COD、氨氮及细菌数等参数的分析,初步探讨了不同浓度的二氧化氯在不同处理时间内对垃圾渗滤液的处理效果。结果表明,对于COD初始浓度为450 mg/L左右的水样,二氧化氯的投加浓度达100 mg/L（有效氯）,反应时间在50 min时,处理水样可达到同类废水的国家二级排放标准;对于同样条件下的水样,当加入约25 mg/L的二氧化氯时可以杀灭水样中的大肠杆菌,加入浓度达到90 mg/L的二氧化氯时,可以杀灭水样中几乎所有的细菌。     

Delineation of soil and groundwater contamination using geophysical methods at a waste disposal site in Çanakkale, Turkey

Direct current (DC) resistivity, self potential (SP) and very low frequency electromagnetic (VLF-EM) measurements are carried out to detect the spread of groundwater contamination and to locate possible pathways of leachate plumes, that resulted from an open waste disposal site of Canakkale municipality. There is no proper management of the waste disposal site in which industrial and domestic wastes were improperly dumped. Furthermore, because of the dumpsite is being located at the catchment area borders of a small creek and is being topographically at a high elevation relative to the urban area, the groundwater is expected to be hazardously contaminated. Interpretations of DC resistivity geoelectrical data showed a low resistivity zone (<5 ohm-m), which appears to be a zone, that is fully saturated with leachate from an open dumpsite. The VLF-EM and SP method, support the results of geoelectrical method relating a contaminated zone in the survey area. There is a good correlation between the geophysical investigations and the results of previously collected geochemical and hydrochemical measurements.     

DNAPL distribution in the source zone: effect of soil structure and uncertainty reduction with increased sampling density

This paper focuses on parameters describing the distribution of dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) contaminants and investigates the variability of these parameters that results from soil heterogeneity. In addition, it quantifies the uncertainty reduction that can be achieved with increased density of soil sampling. Numerical simulations of DNAPL releases were performed using stochastic realizations of hydraulic conductivity fields generated with the same geostatistical parameters and conditioning data at two sampling densities, thus generating two simulation ensembles of low and high density (three-fold increase) of soil sampling. The results showed that DNAPL plumes in aquifers identical in a statistical sense exhibit qualitatively different patterns, ranging from compact to finger-like. The corresponding quantitative differences were expressed by defining several alternative measures that describe the DNAPL plume and computing these measures for each simulation of the two ensembles. The uncertainty in the plume features under study was affected to different degrees by the variability of the soil, with coefficients of variation ranging from about 20% to 90%, for the low-density sampling. Meanwhile, the increased soil sampling frequency resulted in reductions of uncertainty varying from 7% to 69%, for low- and high-uncertainty variables, respectively. In view of the varying uncertainty in the characteristics of a DNAPL plume, remedial designs that require estimates of the less uncertain features of the plume may be preferred over others that need a more detailed characterization of the source zone architecture.     

微波催化氧化修复技术处理有机氯污染土壤

采用微波催化氧化修复技术处理常州某农药厂有机氯农药污染场地和南通某化工厂有机氯污染场地土壤,考察不同参数条件下实验装置对污染土壤的处理效能。结果表明,在微波功率18kW、微波辐射时间20min、土壤处理量400kg/h、土壤含水率15%、活性炭添加量0.03kg/kg的最佳条件下,实验装置运行稳定,有机氯农药污染土壤中氯丹去除率可达70%左右;有机氯污染土壤中邻二氯苯、石油烃总量、1,2-二氯乙烷、苯酚去除率分别可达到99.98%、91.29%、98.52%、74.74%。研发的污染土壤微波催化氧化修复技术及实验装置对有机氯污染土壤的修复具有一定的普适性。     

模糊测度理论在施工现场安全目标决策中的应用

由于施工现场安全状态综合评价是一个多层次、多指标的复杂分析评价问题,既要考虑单个因素、单个项目反映的施工安全性态,又要考虑施工现场多个因素、多个体系反映的整体安全性态,为此提出了安全状态评价集的表示方法。通过对安全判据的分析,结合模糊集理论和模糊测度理论,研究施工现场安全评价判据的表示方法、结论表达及综合评价等不确定因素的处理方法,应用模糊集理论,对施工现场安全管理状况做出评价,建立了施工现场安全综合评价模型,应用实例表明,该模型是可行的。     

RBCA和CLEA模型在某重金属污染场地环境风险评价中的应用比较

应用美国的RBCA模型和英国的CLEA模型对某重金属污染场地中的4种主要重金属污染物As,Cd,Pb和Zn进行健康风险评价,并利用克里格插值方法初步分析了案例场地中风险的空间分布特征.结果表明,RBCA和CLEA模型各有其优缺点,应根据场地的实际情况选择模型进行风险评价.该场地重金属污染的非致癌风险主要来自Pb和Cd,致癌风险主要来自As.尽管w(Zn)很高,但其风险很低,远低于可接受的风险水平.分别应用2种模型计算的风险在大部分情况下基本一致,尽管有一些差异,但均在同1个数量级之内.对于部分采样点的Cd的风险,2种模型的计算结果相差2个数量级,致使总非致癌风险的计算结果差异很大,这主要是由于2种模型在暴露途径的选取上的差异所致.从暴露途径的贡献率来看,地下水摄入途径引起的风险较高,贡献率为50%以上;蔬菜摄入途径引起的风险贡献率为20%左右.风险的空间分布也由于2种模型在暴露途径的选取上存在差异而表现出一定的不同.      

城市污水处理选址决策及程序设计

在分析影响城市污水处理场选址的自然及经济因素的基础上,利用层次分析方法构造选址模型.讨论了决策方法及利用计算机进行排序的程序设计步骤,并在IBM-PC机上对实际问题进行了计算.     

某废弃化工场地VOC/SVOC污染土壤健康风险分析

选择我国典型的废弃化工污染场地为研究对象,以场地全面调查为基础,采用美国ASTM场地环境评价方法,结合我国的人群特点和场地特性修正风险评估参数,对该化工场地VOC/SVOC污染土壤进行环境健康风险分析.结果表明,该场地已明显受到VOC/SVOC的污染,污染集中在土壤的不同层次,其中四氯化碳、四氯乙烯、五氯乙烷、六氯丁二烯、六氯乙烷和六氯苯等6种VOC/SVOC在场地土层中的浓度超过我国现有土壤环境标准,部分点位通过口腔摄入、皮肤接触和呼吸吸入污染物3种暴露途径所导致的致癌风险达到10-2,危害商超过1,这些污染物已对人体和周边环境形成了较高的健康风险.在进一步进行居住地或商业用地开发时,该场地必须进行修复与综合治理,使风险降低到人体健康可接受水平.     

采油井场土壤微生物群落结构分布

为了评价采油井场石油污染的微生物修复潜力,选取油井旁持续污染区(W)、井场曾经污染区(S)、原泥浆池区(M)和周边农田区(F)这4个不同位置,对0~400 cm不同深度土壤进行调查取样.利用高通量测序技术,对样品16S rRNA基因V4区序列进行测定,结合石油含量、三氮等物化性质,分析了微生物的生物多样性、群落组成及其和环境因子的关系.结果表明,石油污染减少了土壤的生物多样性,石油含量、盐度是造成微生物群落结构差异的最主要环境因子.通过组间差异分析发现,W和M土壤不仅存在着大量的石油降解细菌,其中的高盐样品中还含有嗜盐石油降解古菌.S与F具有相似的群落结构,表明石油烃的自然衰减.因此,该井场具有丰富的石油修复菌种资源,具有很好的微生物修复潜力.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.