上海某工业场地绿化土壤修复工程案例研究

以上海某工业场地的修复工程为例,介绍了对于工业场地绿化土壤的一种高效、廉价、安全和绿色的修复方式.通过添加土壤改良剂和绿化种植,采用土壤修复技术及其工程措施实施修复,取得较好的修复效果.工程实施过程包括施工前的准备、施工工艺、修复后土壤的养护、二次污染防治和工程项目验收等.结果表明:该修复方式不仅可以促进绿化改善,起到很好的绿化景观效果,对现场周围环境干扰较小,还能实现"边生产边修复",可为其他同类工程项目的实施提供借鉴和参考.     

The Ability of Landowners and Their Cooperatives to Leverage Payments Greater Than Opportunity Costs from Conservation Contracts

In negotiations over land‐right acquisitions, landowners have an informational advantage over conservation groups because they know more about the opportunity costs of conservation measures on their sites. This advantage creates the possibility that landowners will demand payments greater than the required minimum, where this minimum required payment is known as the landowner's willingness to accept (WTA). However, in recent studies of conservation costs, researchers have assumed landowners will accept conservation with minimum payments. We investigated the ability of landowners to demand payments above their WTA when a conservation group has identified multiple sites for protection. First, we estimated the maximum payment landowners could potentially demand, which is set when groups of landowners act as a cooperative. Next, through the simulation of conservation auctions, we explored the amount of money above landowners’ WTA (i.e., surplus) that conservation groups could cede to secure conservation agreements, again investigating the influence of landowner cooperatives. The simulations showed the informational advantage landowners held could make conservation investments up to 42% more expensive than suggested by the site WTAs. Moreover, all auctions resulted in landowners obtaining payments greater than their WTA; thus, it may be unrealistic to assume landowners will accept conservation contracts with minimum payments. Of particular significance for species conservation, conservation objectives focused on overall species richness, which therefore recognize site complementarity, create an incentive for landowners to form cooperatives to capture surplus. To the contrary, objectives in which sites are substitutes, such as the maximization of species occurrences, create a disincentive for cooperative formation. La Habilidad de Propietarios y Sus Cooperativas para Implementar Pagos Mayores que los Costos de Oportunidad en Contratos de Conservación     

搬迁企业遗留场地土壤监测布点浅析

综合参考国内外场地土壤监测布点的要求，以某搬迁企业遗留场地为例提出布点方法，为开展搬迁企业遗留场地土壤监测布点提供借鉴。     

Conservation Goals and the Relative Importance of Costs and Benefits in Reserve Selection

Abstract: Including both economic costs and biological benefits of sites in systematic reserve selection greatly increases cost‐efficiency. Nevertheless, limited funding generally forces conservation planners to choose which data to focus the most resources on; therefore, the relative importance of different types of data must be carefully assessed. We investigated the relative importance of including information about costs and benefits for 3 different commonly used conservation goals: 2 in which biological benefits were measured per site (species number and conservation value scores) and 1 in which benefits were measured on the basis of site complementarity (total species number in the reserve network). For each goal, we used site‐selection models with data on benefits only, costs only, and benefits and costs together, and we compared the efficiency of each model. Costs were more important to include than benefits for the goals in which benefits were measured per site. By contrast, for the complementarity‐based goal, benefits were more important to include. To understand this pattern, we compared the variability in benefits and in costs for each goal. By comparing the best and the worst possible selection of sites with regard to costs alone and benefits alone for each conservation goal, we introduced a simple and consistent variability measure that is applicable to all kinds of reserve‐selection situations. In our study, benefit variability depended strongly on how the conservation goal was formulated and was largest for the complementarity‐based conservation goal. We argue that from a cost‐efficiency point of view, most resources should be spent on collecting the most variable type of data for the conservation goal at hand.     

北京建筑施工裸地时空变化及扬尘污染排放

近年来北京城市格局逐步调整,伴随城市扩张与功能疏解,大规模建设工程使建筑施工裸地广泛分布于城市内部,施工扬尘带来的颗粒物污染已经成为影响空气质量的重要因素.选取北京平原区为研究区域,遥感反演了2013~2017年的建筑施工裸地,并分析了其时空分布特征.结合地面颗粒物浓度进行相关性分析,探讨城市建筑施工裸地对空气质量的影响.在此基础上,估算北京平原区2013~2017年建筑施工裸地的扬尘排放量.结果表明,北京建筑施工裸地沿中心城区向四周辐射,呈现出环形的带状分布,以城乡结合部最为集中.2013~2017年建筑施工裸地面积呈现先减后增的变化趋势,2015年后重心向东南偏移,逐步呈现出不均衡的分布特征.建筑施工裸地面积与PM10呈正相关,23个地面自动监测站点的相关系数均在0.80以上.2017年北京平原区建筑施工裸地颗粒物排放量核算结果如下:TSP排放量为39.5×10~4t、PM10排放量为19.4×10~4t、PM_(2.5)排放量为4.0×10~4t.单元网格的建筑施工裸地颗粒物排放强度向两级化发展,建筑施工裸地的局部集中导致高污染单元网格排放强度进一步增大.以标准化的PM10网格排放量为依据,将北京平原区分为低污染排放区、较低污染排放区、中污染排放区、较高污染排放区及高污染排放区5个级别,分级管控可以更有效地减轻扬尘污染影响.     

Microbial aerosol particles in four seasons of sanitary landfill site: Molecular approaches, traceability and risk assessment

Landfill sites are regarded as prominent sources of bioaerosols for the surrounding atmosphere. The present study focused on the emission of airborne bacteria and fungi in four seasons of a sanitary landfill site. The main species found in bioaerosols were assayed using high-throughput sequencing. The SourceTracker method was utilized to identify the sources of the bioaerosols present at the boundary of the landfill site. Furthermore, the health consequences of the exposure to bioaerosols were evaluated based on the average daily dose rates. Results showed that the concentrations of airborne bacteria in the operation area (OPA) and the leakage treatment area (LTA) were in the range of (4684 ± 477)–(10883 ± 1395) CFU/m³ and (3179 ± 453)–(9051 ± 738) CFU/m³, respectively. The average emission levels of fungal aerosols were 4026 CFU/m³ for OPA and 1295 CFU/m³ for LTA. The landfill site received the maximum bioaerosol load during summer and the minimum during winter. Approximately 41.39%– 86.24% of the airborne bacteria had a particle size of 1.1 to 4.7 µm, whereas 48.27%– 66.45% of the airborne fungi had a particle size of more than 4.7 µm. Bacillus sp., Brevibacillus sp., and Paenibacillus sp. were abundant in the bacterial population, whereas Penicillium sp. and Aspergillus sp. dominated the fungal population. Bioaerosols released from the working area and treatment of leachate were the two main sources that emerged in the surrounding air of the landfill site boundary. The exposure risks during summer and autumn were higher than those in spring and winter.     

邻苯二甲酸酯及邻苯二甲酸在碳管上的吸附

以邻苯二甲酸（PA）和邻苯二甲酸二乙酯（DEP）为目标污染物,碳纳米管（CNTs）为吸附剂,通过不同pH值条件下单、双溶质的吸附实验,结合能量分布理论,分析PA对DEP在CNTs上的竞争和取代吸附.结果表明,在同一pH值下,DEP在CNTs上的吸附性强于PA.对于DEP,pH值改变导致的CNTs分散稳定性的变化是影响其吸附的决定因素.对于PA,溶液pH值会影响CNTs的表面电荷及PA的解离程度,两者均会产生影响.双溶质体系下,PA对DEP在CNTs上的吸附存在竞争和取代效应.在不同pH值条件下,PA对DEP在CNTs上的竞争和取代的程度与CNTs的分散稳定性和PA的解离程度有关.基于能量分布的分析表明,虽然PA的加入导致DEP在CNTs上可利用的高能吸附位点数量显著下降,但是其可利用的低能吸附位点数量增加.     

全面加强环境监测质量管理工作初探

环境监测是环境管理和决策的重要技术支持,环境监测质量管理工作与环境监测整体发展不相适应的矛盾日益突出。目前环境监测质量管理工作中存在的机构制度不健全、质量管理技术发展缓慢、现场监测质量管理薄弱等问题,可通过完善制度、转变工作方式、发挥质量监督员作用、加强现场监测质量管理、拓展质量管理范围等全面加强环境监测质量管理工作的措施得到解决。     

A cost-effective microbial slurry technology for rapid composting of municipal solid wastes in waste dump sites in India and its feasibility for use in Australia

This short article reports on commercial composting slurry now available in India. The slurry culture containing active decomposer bacteria and enzymes is spread on the surface of the garbage and inside the heaps in windrows constructed at waste dump sites. The microbes produce hydrolysing enzymes to break down the long chain complexes of the organic substrates. About 1 kg of slurry culture in the colloidal emulsion form mixed with 20 litres of water is sprayed on about 3 m of solid waste. For one tonne of waste 200 litres of slurry water are needed. The waste heaps are turned once in 7 to 10 days for proper aeration and the inoculant slurry is sprayed at each turning to enhance decomposition and to maintain the proper moisture level which is usually 45–55 percent. The process is exothermic and the windrows reach a temperature of 70°–75°C within 24–36 hours, killing many harmful pathogens and repelling all birds, stray animals, flies and mosquitos from the dump site. The entire process is completed within 4–6 weeks and as the decomposition is completed the temperature falls to normal. About 40–45 percent of the undecomposed matter is of recyclable materials, and of the rest about 25–30 percent requires safe disposal in adjacent land-fill sites. The problem of emission from tip gases and of leachate and discharge of effluents is greatly reduced. The foul odor of the tip also disappears within 2–3 days of sanitization. The compost produced is rich in sodium, potassium and phosphorous as well as certain trace elements, and contains active nitrogen fixing and phosphate solubulising bacteria.