Modeling Abundance Index Data from Anuran Calling Surveys

Abstract:  Evaluation of anuran populations is commonly based on calling surveys that report categorical abundance index data. I present a statistical model for abundance index data that are observations representing ordered abundance classes (e.g., none, some, many). The proposed model provides a formal treatment of detection probability, factors that affect detection, and variation in abundance. The model can be viewed as a generalization of that proposed by MacKenzie et al. (2002) for estimating site-occupancy rates in that it allows for more than two abundance classes. Because the abundance distribution is characterized by multiple abundance classes, it may be more sensitive to subtle changes in the underlying abundance that may go undetected with simple occupancy estimates under which sites are characterized merely as occupied or not. The method is most immediately applicable to surveys of anurans in which index data related to the intensity of calling activity are collected. I applied the proposed method to calling index data from the green frog (  Rana clamitans ) collected as part of the North American Amphibian Monitoring Program. The best model indicated considerable variation in detectability over time and in response to temperature. The resulting adjusted (for detectability) abundance-state distribution demonstrates the negative bias in abundance state obtained from simplistic summaries of calling index data that disregard these sources of variation in detectability.     

Setting Site Specific Critical Loads: An Approach using Endorsement Theory and Dempster–Shafer

There is an increasing demand from conservation agencies for site-specific critical loads (CL); unfortunately, there is often very little specific information on a site to determine the important parameters needed to calculate the CL or on the spatial location of the “designated feature” in a site. Determining the most appropriate CL therefore involves using expert judegement to make decisions with incomplete and uncertain information. Endorsement Theory (Cohen, 1985) and Dempster–Shafer statistics (Dempster, 1967; Shafer, 1976) are, respectively, a decision-theoretic and a statistical technique for reasoning under those conditions (uncertainty and incompletness). A key reason for applying these techniques is that they make expert opinion explicit and available for scrutiny. Both techniques have been applied to the problem of setting an appropriate site specific CL, using heathland sites as a case study. Inital findings are encouraging; the uncertainty in expert judgement is made explict, the end results are intuitively reasonable and the methodology apparently acceptable to decision makers.     

南黄海6.1级地震部分余震的震源和场地因子尾波解

选用了江苏省地震遥测台网的４个台站所记的南黄海６．１级地震６个余震的资料（经Ａ／Ｄ转换后得到的数字化记录），根据尾波观测的经验公式，采用多台多震综合求解法，得到各地震的震源因子和各台站的场地因子。由于尾波能有效地消除震源辐射因子和单一路径的影响，因而易于得到较多的资料和较高的精度     

现场滤膜测尘实验

对碎样、刻槽取样和坑探现场进行了布点测尘实验,取得了不同测试结果,并对采样地点提出了意见。     

住宅小区垃圾压缩站环境污染及防治对策

阐述了住宅小区内设置垃圾压缩站的现实意义。论述了垃圾压缩站的污水．臭气和噪声污染问题．并对压缩站产生的臭气和噪声影响作了预测分析。对压缩站的选址及其污染防治措施提出了建议。     

锰尾矿区有机菌肥-速生树种的生态修复效应

在锰尾矿区建立了4.5hm²生态修复工程区，以速生树种泡桐（Paulownia tomentosa）和栾树（Koelreuteriapaniclata）作为建群植物，采用有机菌肥改良其根际环境，利用土壤库存耐性植物种子的自然萌发力来丰富物种多样性.结果表明，工程实施后第6a，有机菌肥处理植物群落干物质生物总量达到33498.7kg/hm²，Mn吸收积累量达到5532.6g/hm²，植物种类数达到51种，分别为无机化肥对照的22.8、2.6和3.4倍；有机菌肥处理的植物群落Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn和Cr的总积累量、根际微生物种类及其数量也显著大于对照.有机菌肥的改良机制可归结于其与植物根系、根际微生物对基质的共同作用.有机菌肥处理区泡桐和栾树的总株数不到该区植物总株数的0.2%，但其干物质生物量、锰吸收量与盖度分别为该区的88%、73%和55.2%.速生树种泡桐和栾树对该区生态修复起到了"主导"作用.     

松花江有机物污染对水源地水质的影响研究

文章研究对松花江四方台水源地进行连续监测,水样经XAD-2、XAD-4树脂富集、二氯甲烷洗脱、浓缩,用GC/MS和GC定性、定量研究其有机污染物的种类、含量、污染程度及其规律.研究表明四方台水源地水质有机污染严重,已达不到做为城市集中水源地的高功能水体要求,冬季尤为严重.     

碱性闪石12种阳离子占位度的X射线衍射测定

对所收集的４７个碱性闪石结构数据计算出理论Ｘ射线粉末图，同时实测出５个碱 性闪石样品的粉末图及其晶体化学占位，从这５２个样品的Ｘ射线衍射圈中选出１８条特征衍射 强度，将强度比值与各晶位各阳离子占位用多元统计分析统计出经验公式，以之作为估算未知 样品各阳离子占位的线性模型。回代实践表明，本线性模型具有较钙质闪石更高的可靠性与精 确度。预测５个实测样品的晶体化学类型与原定名对比完全符合，准确度达１００％。按国际分 类表纠正个别样品原定名的错误。在１２种阳离子占位中，估算的准确度有８种大于９０％，３种 近于９０％！唯有Ｔ位Ｓｉ的准确度仅６６％，这可能是因为所选样品中Ｔ位基本上为Ｓｉ占位，其 占位数均超过 ７．５，占位度均大于 ０.９，总变化幅度小从而降低其相关性。因 ５２个样品中，也包 含钠钙闪石亚族，故对整个闪石族用Ｘ射线衍射估算阳离子占位的问题已基本解决。     

深圳近岸海域监测站位的再优化探讨

根据深圳近岸海域环境质量现状调查资料，对监测站位进行聚类分级和再优化探讨。研究表明，不同评价模式的聚类分级结果非常一致，优化后的站位所表征的环境质量，与近岸海域环境质量等效，并比原常规监测站位具有代表性，可作为今后的常规监测站位。     

重庆市建筑工地PM10污染状况调查

报导了重庆城市不同类型建筑工地PM10污染状况。为了解城市建筑工地对大气环境中PM10污染的影响。对重庆市主城区典型在建工地，建成工地和施工前工地的PM10污染状况进行了现场监测。结果表明，在建的江北滨江路工地PM10的污染很严重，日均值为0.326mg/m^3，建工地PM10平均浓度比建成工地高82.1%。比施工前工地高78.1%。这应引起相关部门的高度重视，对在建工地采取有效措施予以管理。