临海航天发射场设施设备腐蚀控制策略研究

针对临海航天发射场设施设备金属结构腐蚀严重的问题,基于金属腐蚀机理,对发射场设施设备的差异性腐蚀损伤进行了统计和梳理,得出腐蚀成因,并提出腐蚀控制策略和研究方向的建议,为进一步提升我国航天发射场维修保障能力提供理论和技术支撑.     

苏州七子山垃圾填埋场渗沥液设计水质的估算

在对垃圾填埋场渗沥液污染物的转化、溶出规律分析的基础上，建立了污染物溶出模式和污染物负荷计算模式，并结合苏州七子山垃圾填埋场的实际情况，确定了其渗沥液在不同条件下的水质。研究表明，在填埋场填埋稳定期的枯水期和丰水期的ＣＯＤｃｒ和ＢＯＤ５浓度分别为２７．２４～４０．８６ｍｇ／ｌ、１３．１７～１９．７５ｍｇ／ｌ和１３．４６～２０．２１ｍｇ／ｌ、６．５１～９．７７ｇ／ｌ；在填埋场封场后枯水期和丰水期的ＣＯＤｃｒ和ＢＯＤ５分别为４．８８～７．３３ｇ／１、２．３６～３．５４ｇ／ｌ和２．２２～３．３４ｇ／ｌ、１．０８～１．６１７ｇ／ｌ。     

繁殖期白头鹤觅食地活动的时间分配和日节律

2004年4~6月在黑龙江大沾河湿地自然保护区内,采用野外直接观察法对野生白头鹤在觅食地的活动节律进行了研究.结果表明:①繁殖期白头鹤在觅食地各种行为活动有一定的时间分配规律.在繁殖前期,雌、雄白头鹤全天(5:30~18:00)成对在觅食地活动,雄性个体以取食、警戒、游走、保养和求偶为主要行为,雌性个体以取食、警戒、游走和保养为主要行为;到繁殖后期,雌、雄白头鹤每天有两个时间段单独在觅食地活动(4:00~6:00和17:00~19:00),无论雌雄个体,均无求偶行为.②白头鹤雌、雄个体间保养行为差异极显著(P<0.001),警戒和求偶行为差异显著(P<0.05),取食、游走行为具有一定的差异.③在麦田和池塘2种微地貌之间,白头鹤的取食、求偶行为具极显著差异(P<0.001),警戒行为具显著差异(P<0.05).④在繁殖期的不同阶段以及不同的天气情况下白头鹤的各种行为均具有一定差异.图1表2参15     

核电站场地断层活动性的识别标准研究

关于核电站场地断层活动性识别标准,作者提出了6点建议:1. 晚更新世、特别是全新世地层被扰动或错断;2. 断层泥年龄小于10万年;3. 沿断裂带存在明显的线性构造;4. 有破坏性地震(Ms≥5. 0) 沿断层发生;5. 现代微小地震沿断裂带形成“地震线”;6. 在断裂带上发现可靠的古地震遗迹。此外,为了使断层活动性评定做到定量化,作者还提出了断层活动度概念。     

WATER QUALITY AND MACROINVERTEBRATE POPULATIONS BEFORE AND AFTER A HAZARDOUS WASTE CLEANUP1

ABSTRACT: Water samples and macroinvertebrates were collected from Finley Creek, Indiana, both before and two years after the cleanup of a nearby hazardous waste site. Water quality constituents were compared between years. Below the disposal site higher concentrations of constituents were found before and after the cleanup. However, two years after the cleanup, an improvement of water quality was observed. Total dissolved solids decreased by 52% and macroinvertebrate taxa increased by 44%.     

Examination of the effects of disturbance on birds with reference to its importance in ecological assessments

National, European and International legislation regarding the conservation of species and habitats requires professional statements to be made in respect of land use change, as, for example, illustrated by developments. Some developments may cause disturbance to wildlife. Knowledge of the way in which species respond to disturbance has been fragmented, yet is an important consideration in environmental impact assessments. This paper reviews what is known about disturbance factors on the best studied group, birds. A set of extensive appendices summarize the literature on disturbance effects on breeding, breeding success, nest-site choice, population density, community structure, distribution and habitat use. The paper considers human-induced disturbance, public access, water-based recreation, shooting and industrial developments. Mitigation measures are discussed.Human-induced disturbance can have a significant negative effect on breeding success by causing nest abandonment and increased predation. Outside the breeding season, recreation (particularly power boating, sailing and coarse fishing on wetlands) reduces the use of sites by birds. Compensatory feeding at night by some species can probably recoup some of the energy losses caused by disturbance. Public and vehicular access to open landscapes has been shown negatively to affect grazing geese in winter and lowland and upland waders during breeding. Shooting disturbance has been shown to be most important for herbivore feeders which need to spend long periods of the day feeding in order to maintain their energy balance, e.g. wigeon. The provision of refuges devoid of shooting has been fundamental in attracting wildfowl away from non-refuge sites. The response of birds to scaring devices and other control measures is discussed.Effects from industrial developments include direct loss of habitat, disturbance through the presence of humans during the construction process and the presence of artificial light used to illuminate construction sites. On estuaries, engineering operations should avoid the proximity to established roost sites of wading birds. A number of studies showed increased vigilance (and hence reduced feeding time) in flock members feeding near structures which impede their vision of the approach of potential predators.A number of principal management techniques used to reduce disturbance on a site, or to attempt to compensate for habitat loss, are given. For wetland sites, these include excavating new shallow lagoons and grading bank sides, flooding of low-lying pasture, reducing salinity levels in coastal lagoons thereby making them more attractive to the birds' food invertebrates, manipulating water levels to expose mud regularly and creating feeding areas for geese and wigeon, using manipulative livestock grazing. Also used are increasing nesting cover, planting macrophytes, providing islands, spits and promontories, purchasing more land to make a refuge bigger, concealing observers with banks and screens, zoning activities and prohibiting access and avoiding the obstruction of flyways between feeding and roosting areas.     

Analysis of some organochlorine pesticides in an urban atmosphere (Strasbourg, east of France)

High volume samples of urban air have been collected in Strasbourg, a big city situated in the east of France, for the evaluation of the contamination by organochlorine pesticides. Pesticides (p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDE, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, gamma-HCH, cis-chlordane, trans-chlordane, alpha-endosulfan, beta-endosulfan, hexachlorobenzene, heptachlor and some of their metabolites: alpha-HCH, 2,4'-DDT, 2,4'-DDD and 2,4'-DDE) were analysed by GC-ECD. Prior to analysis, samples were Soxhlet extracted with a mixture of n-hexane/methylene chloride. The analysis of samples collected in 2001 (n = 6), 2002 (n = 7) and 2003 (n = 5) shows that alpha-HCH and gamma-HCH were detected in all samples (between 0.05 and 4 ng m(-3) and between 0.01 and 1 ng m(-3), respectively) along with aldrin and dieldrin at lower concentrations (between 0.01 and 0.08 ng m(-3) and between 0.02 and 0.09 ng m(-3), respectively). Other pesticides were detected very randomly at very low concentrations. The calculation of the alpha/gamma-HCH ratio shows that hexachlorocyclohexane measured in the atmosphere have a local origin and come probably from contaminated soil by volatilisation. alpha and beta-endosulfan were practically not detected in samples collected in 2001 and 2002 while they were always measured in the gas phase in samples from 2003. This observation can be explained by an increase of volatilisation with the increase of the air temperature. In July, temperature were higher (between 17 and 30 degrees C in climatic station) than in March-May 2001 and 2002 (between 2 and 19 and between 2 and 10, respectively).     

A quantitative methodology for indexing environmental sensitivity and pollution potential

A methodology for rating the suitability of sites forthe location of industrial facilities is formulated and appliedto the case of a coal-fired power plant location. The methodologycomprises two major interlinked components: the environmentalplant location indexing component, which involves theidentification, scaling and weighting of environmentalsensitivity factors; and the impact analysis component, whichinvolves the superimposition of the pollution generation impactsof an industrial facility on spatially gridded zones of variousenvironmental sensitivities. For each rectangular areal unitdefined by a square grid, the Unit Pollution Potential Index isdetermined by the severity and distribution of key environmentalsensitivity factors and the coverage of superimposed pollutanteffects as determined by contaminant fate and transport models.For any alternative site of a planned facility, the summation ofthe unit indices over the area of influence of the facilityprovides the quantitative Pollution Index, which can be used as abasis for comparison of alternative sites for planned facilities.For this paper, this methodology is applied to the hypotheticalcase of the siting of a coal-fired power plant in thenortheastern region of the United States, in which threealternative sites are considered. The three sites: A, B and Cyielded indices of 47.83, 47.91 and 47.6, respectively, indicatingthat site C is the most suitable for siting the power plant.     

A Scenario Optimization Model for Dynamic Reserve Site Selection

Conservation planners are called upon to make choices and trade-offs about the preservation of natural areas for the protection of species in the face of development pressures. We addressed the problem of selecting sites for protection over time with the objective of maximizing species representation, with uncertainty about future site development, and with periodic constraints on the number of sites that can be selected. We developed a 0–1, linear optimization model with 2 periods to select the sites that maximize expected species coverage subject to budget constraints. The model is based on the idea that development uncertainty can be characterized by a set of scenarios, each of which is a possible second-period development outcome for the set of sites. We also suggest that our 2-period model can be used in a sequential fashion that is consistent with adaptive planning. Results are presented for the Fox River watershed in Chicago.     

烟尘监测中定点测试值加权计算误差范围的探讨

固定污染源烟(粉)尘测试中,烟尘波动、误差大,数据整理存在一定的困难,本文根据实验结果提出了数据修约的范围,并根据监测规范的布点要求,结合实测结果,提出了优化断面布点的设想.在直管段长度满足规范要求的条件下,管道直径小于0.5米时,可选断面上距管壁近的一点作测试点,该点测值可代表断面上平均测值.