典型污染场地六六六残留特征分析

在历史上受某六六六(HCH)生产企业污染的场地采集土壤样品,分析和研究土壤中HCH的污染水平和污染分布趋势.结果表明,∑HCH值最大为271.72 mg·kg-1,HCH污染主要集中在表层(深度:0～20 cm)、亚表层(深度:20～40 cm)土壤,表层、亚表层土壤中HCH含量远高于深层(深度:40～150 cm)土壤中HCH含量;β-HCH含量最高,远高于其他3种异构体;通过Kriging法插值,画出表层土壤中∑HCH的等值线图,可清晰地看出HCH的分布趋势.本污染场地表层的硬化阻止了雨水的浸润作用,使HCH向下迁移缓慢,HCH含量随深度增加而降低,HCH污染深度较浅.     

应用逼近于理想解的排序法优选环境监测点位的研究

尝试应用逼近于理想解的排序法进行环境监测点位的研究,证明此法具有简便、易行、实用性和科学性较强的特点.     

土壤环境监测基础点位布设思路与方法

为适应新形势下土壤环境保护工作重点任务和要求,"十三五"期间,中国亟需构建布局合理、功能完备的土壤环境监测网,确定国控监测点位,以说清全国土壤环境质量整体状况、潜在风险状况及变化趋势。通过梳理欧美等发达国家和地区的做法和经验,针对国内土壤环境的实际情况,开展布点尺度和点位优化方法研究,提出了国家尺度上适宜布点尺度,建立了统一的历史点位优化筛选规则,在此基础上,形成了点位的布设思路、原则和方法,并给出了阶段性的布设结果,最后提出了后续进一步完善的方向。     

Multimethod,multistate Bayesian hierarchical modeling approach for use in regional monitoring of wolves

In many cases, the first step in large‐carnivore management is to obtain objective, reliable, and cost‐effective estimates of population parameters through procedures that are reproducible over time. However, monitoring predators over large areas is difficult, and the data have a high level of uncertainty. We devised a practical multimethod and multistate modeling approach based on Bayesian hierarchical‐site‐occupancy models that combined multiple survey methods to estimate different population states for use in monitoring large predators at a regional scale. We used wolves (Canis lupus) as our model species and generated reliable estimates of the number of sites with wolf reproduction (presence of pups). We used 2 wolf data sets from Spain (Western Galicia in 2013 and Asturias in 2004) to test the approach. Based on howling surveys, the naïve estimation (i.e., estimate based only on observations) of the number of sites with reproduction was 9 and 25 sites in Western Galicia and Asturias, respectively. Our model showed 33.4 (SD 9.6) and 34.4 (3.9) sites with wolf reproduction, respectively. The number of occupied sites with wolf reproduction was 0.67 (SD 0.19) and 0.76 (0.11), respectively. This approach can be used to design more cost‐effective monitoring programs (i.e., to define the sampling effort needed per site). Our approach should inspire well‐coordinated surveys across multiple administrative borders and populations and lead to improved decision making for management of large carnivores on a landscape level. The use of this Bayesian framework provides a simple way to visualize the degree of uncertainty around population‐parameter estimates and thus provides managers and stakeholders an intuitive approach to interpreting monitoring results. Our approach can be widely applied to large spatial scales in wildlife monitoring where detection probabilities differ between population states and where several methods are being used to estimate different population parameters.     

硫酸盐还原菌原位修复六价铬污染土壤

以FeSO₄化学还原法为对照,开展硫酸盐还原菌原位修复铬污染土壤的田间试验研究。试验结果表明:微生物法处理后,土壤中Cr(Ⅵ)含量从6.48 mg/kg降至0.95 mg/kg,下降率为85.33%,修复后的土地质量符合国家一类建设用地的标准;土壤浸出液中Cr(Ⅵ)质量浓度从0.162 mg/L降至0.004 mg/L,下降率为97.53%;土壤中硫酸根浓度略有降低,硫酸盐还原菌的丰度显著增加。微生物原位修复铬污染土壤的效果好于化学还原法。     

Predicting and Mapping Potential Whooping Crane Stopover Habitat to Guide Site Selection for Wind Energy Projects

Migratory stopover habitats are often not part of planning for conservation or new development projects. We identified potential stopover habitats within an avian migratory flyway and demonstrated how this information can guide the site‐selection process for new development. We used the random forests modeling approach to map the distribution of predicted stopover habitat for the Whooping Crane (Grus americana), an endangered species whose migratory flyway overlaps with an area where wind energy development is expected to become increasingly important. We then used this information to identify areas for potential wind power development in a U.S. state within the flyway (Nebraska) that minimize conflicts between Whooping Crane stopover habitat and the development of clean, renewable energy sources. Up to 54% of our study area was predicted to be unsuitable as Whooping Crane stopover habitat and could be considered relatively low risk for conflicts between Whooping Cranes and wind energy development. We suggest that this type of analysis be incorporated into the habitat conservation planning process in areas where incidental take permits are being considered for Whooping Cranes or other species of concern. Field surveys should always be conducted prior to construction to verify model predictions and understand baseline conditions. Predicción y Mapeo del Hábitat Potencial de Descanso de la Grulla Americana para Guiar la Selección de Sitios para Proyectos de Energía Eólica.     

国内外污染场地环境管理比较研究

本文通过国内外污染场地环境管理比较研究,从完善法律法规角度提出相关政策建议,以期为我国进一步加强污染场地环境管理提供决策参考。具体建议：一是从立法角度看,我国对污染场地管理采取专门立法的模式;二是从框架要素看,进一步建立和完善完整有效的配套法规、标准和指南;三是从责任体系看,建议根据“污染者负担”原则,应明确定义各类责任人在何种情况下承担修复责任;四是从因地制宜的管理目标看,中央政府应制定全国统一的风险管理的政策,并制订指导性的修复筛选值,省市政府可以根据本地区的土地规划和开发需求,制定当地的法规和标准。     

我国工业土地再利用的环境风险及对策

工业企业搬迁遗留遗弃场地是近年来我国城市化进程加速的产物。搬迁后绝大多数工业用地将重新开发利用为城市发展用地。但是,长期工业生产排放所积累的污染物导致了大量的污染土壤和地下水。而这些留下的土地,如不经过调查评估以及土壤修复就开发再利用,会对人体和生态产生极大的安全隐患。所以必须加强我国工业土地再利用工作的管理。本文主要阐述了窝工工业废弃场地卡能产生的环境问题,并就如何有效的进行我国工业废弃地的再利用提出了相关的措施。     

太湖流域地区开展农村环境连片整治的探索

农村环境连片整治以解决区域性突出环境问题为目的,对地域空间上相对聚集在一起的多个村庄实施同步、集中整治是使环境问题得到有效解决的治理方式。本文阐述了农村环境问题的现状及开展农村环境保护的背景,从农村环境连片整治的特点出发,以常州武进区雪堰镇农村环境综合整治示范点成功开展整治工作为例,进行太湖流域地区开展农村环境连片整治的探索,并总结了在太湖流域地区成功开展农村环境连片整治的建议及农村环保工作的导向。     

生活垃圾填埋场细菌气溶胶粒径分布及种群特征

卫生填埋是一种常用的生活垃圾处置方法.在倾倒、堆放、推平和压实等垃圾填埋过程中,有大量带有致病菌的微生物气溶胶逸散,污染空气,危害人体健康.本研究在华北地区某生活垃圾卫生填埋场设置采样点,采集空气中的细菌气溶胶,解析细菌气溶胶的浓度、粒径分布和种群特征,研究空气温度、相对湿度以及风速对细菌气溶胶逸散的影响.结果表明,作业区和覆盖区空气细菌浓度分别为(5 437±572) CFU·m~(-3)和(2 707±396) CFU·m~(-3).垃圾渗滤液处理区空气中的细菌气溶胶浓度最高,平均为9 460 CFU·m~(-3).细菌气溶胶的浓度呈现明显的季节变化,夏季浓度明显高于其他季节.冗余分析(RDA)显示,气象参数如相对湿度、温度和风速,显著影响细菌气溶胶在空气中的数量.作业区和覆盖区空气细菌粒径分布高峰分别在2. 1～4. 7μm和0. 65～2. 1μm.渗滤液处理逸散的细菌气溶胶大部分大于4. 7μm. Moraxellaceae,Bacillus aerius,Arcobacter以及Aeromonas是垃圾填埋场细菌气溶胶中检出潜在或机会致病菌.