Occurrence and congeners specific of polychlorinated biphenyls in agricultural soils from Southern Jiangsu, China

A total of 198 agricultural soil samples were collected from Zhangjiagang and Changshu in Southern Jiangsu for analysis of 13 polychlorinated biphenyls （PCBs） in order to assess the levels of pollution, sources, area distribution, and potential risk for the environment. All methods were rigorously tested and an adequate quality control was ensured. Only one site had no PCBs residues, and the highest total PCBs concentration in the surface soils was 32.83 ng/g. The average concentration in all the soil samples was 4.13 ng/g, signaling low-level pollution. Tetra-, penta-, and hexa-chlorinated biphenyls were dominant species in soil samples, accounting for more than 75% of ∑PCBs in the soil samples. PCB118 was the most abundant congener in all the samples. The PCB118 was about 20% of ∑PCBs. The soil organic matter content showed only a weak correlation with the levels of all PCB congeners, in which a better correlation was noted for the more volatile lighter PCB congeners than for the heavier homologues. To a certain extent, the sources and land use seemed to influence the levels of PCBs.     

贮灰场灰水污染物运移的数值分析

从环境保护的角度出发,针对灰水溶质运移污染地下水的问题,应用混合防渗材料作为防渗层,通过有限元程序模拟贮灰场的实际运行条件,进行了有无防渗层条件下污染物运移的对比计算分析.结果表明,防渗层可有效地减少灰水渗漏量,缩小污染物的长期扩散范围;在灰场底部和内侧设置防渗层是有效的防污染措施.     

城市垃圾填埋场植树造林试验研究

通过在青岛湖岛垃圾场的现场试验,研究了城市垃圾填埋场上植树造林的方法、适宜树种的筛选以及影响树木成活和生长发育的主要因素。结果指出,垃圾中有机质发酵所产生的甲烷气体是抑制树木成活和生长的关键因素。覆土层除为树木提供支持和生存环境外,还能阻挡甲烷气体的逸出,因此,土层越厚,越有利于树木成活和生长。还对18种木本植物对甲烷气体的耐性进行了筛选。      

Application of CCME Water Quality Index to Monitor Water Quality: A Case Study of the Mackenzie River Basin, Canada

All six ecosystem initiatives evolved from many years of federal, provincial, First Nation, local government and community attention to the stresses on sensitive habitats and species, air and water quality, and the consequent threats to community livability. This paper assesses water quality aspect for the ecosystem initiatives and employs newly developed Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Water Quality Index (CCME WQI) which provides a convenient mean of summarizing complex water quality data that can be easily understood by the public, water distributors, planners, managers and policy makers. The CCME WQI incorporates three elements: Scope – the number of water quality parameters (variables) not meeting water quality objectives (F ₁); Frequency – the number of times the objectives are not met (F ₂); and Amplitude. the extent to which the objectives are not met (F ₃). The index produces a number between 0 (worst) to 100 (best) to reflect the water quality. This study evaluates water quality of the Mackenzie – Great Bear sub-basin by employing two modes of objective functions (threshold values): one based on the CCME water quality guidelines and the other based on site-specific values that were determined by the statistical analysis of the historical data base. Results suggest that the water quality of the Mackenzie-Great Bear sub-basin is impacted by high turbidity and total (mostly particulate) trace metals due to high suspended sediment loads during the open water season. Comments are also provided on water quality and human health issues in the Mackenzie basin based on the findings and the usefulness of CCME water quality guidelines and site specific values.     

建筑施工现场危险区域主客观双线路风险评估研究

危险源是危险区域分析的基础,在国家强调工业安全的背景下,建筑工程施工现场危险区域的安全管理显得尤为重要,但目前相关领域缺乏系统的识别方法与评估框架.在考虑危险区域的阶段性与空间性的基础上,将主客观双线路评估应用于建筑施工现场危险区域的风险评估.主观路线采用失效模式与影响分析(FMEA)方法实施,并利用综合加权模糊TOP...     

油页岩干馏炼油环境风险评价研究

以某油页岩干馏炼油项目为实例,进行了环境空气的定量环境风险评价,包括环境风险识别、源项分析、后果计算、风险计算和评价、风险管理等主要内容,提出了环境风险评价的重点,指出了环境风险评价与安全评价各自的侧重点,对后果计算的应用和物质风险识别采用的标准等方面提出了相应意见。     

Predicting and Mapping Potential Whooping Crane Stopover Habitat to Guide Site Selection for Wind Energy Projects

Migratory stopover habitats are often not part of planning for conservation or new development projects. We identified potential stopover habitats within an avian migratory flyway and demonstrated how this information can guide the site‐selection process for new development. We used the random forests modeling approach to map the distribution of predicted stopover habitat for the Whooping Crane (Grus americana), an endangered species whose migratory flyway overlaps with an area where wind energy development is expected to become increasingly important. We then used this information to identify areas for potential wind power development in a U.S. state within the flyway (Nebraska) that minimize conflicts between Whooping Crane stopover habitat and the development of clean, renewable energy sources. Up to 54% of our study area was predicted to be unsuitable as Whooping Crane stopover habitat and could be considered relatively low risk for conflicts between Whooping Cranes and wind energy development. We suggest that this type of analysis be incorporated into the habitat conservation planning process in areas where incidental take permits are being considered for Whooping Cranes or other species of concern. Field surveys should always be conducted prior to construction to verify model predictions and understand baseline conditions. Predicción y Mapeo del Hábitat Potencial de Descanso de la Grulla Americana para Guiar la Selección de Sitios para Proyectos de Energía Eólica.     

国外遗址保护与利用的启示

我国遗址在保护管理体系和保护利用模式上存在许多问题,致使遗址不能得到有效的保护.国外的遗址保护起步较早,在遗址管理上,以欧洲模式和美国模式比较典型,引入了私人或者企业参与遗址的管理与经营;在遗址保护利用上,欧洲、美洲和亚洲发达国家的保护模式比较成熟,遗址的整体保护引入了遗址公园和遗产廊道的模式,遗址的局部保护引入了原貌保存、局部展示、遗址博物馆等模式.     

湖北省金罗家考古遗址土壤中多环芳烃的分布和植硅体的分析及其意义

湖北金罗家遗址剖面总厚度为171 cm,平均10 cm采集一个样品,共采集17个样品。考古遗址年代顺序主要根据考古器物（如陶片、瓷片、砖瓦块等）颜色、图案、花纹和形态类型等与已确定年代的考古器物特征进行对比分析,进而确定不同文化层的时代顺序。文章对考古土壤中多环芳烃的分布、植硅体类型和炭屑进行了研究,并对多环芳烃可能来源、植硅体组合和炭屑及其意义进行了分析。结果显示,在最下部的生土层样品未检测到多环芳烃,古文化层土壤样品均检测出了多环芳烃,不同文化层土壤中的多环芳烃的分布特征也是不同的,在个别文化层土壤中的多环芳烃还表现出一些异常。利用多环芳烃来源地球化学参数甲基菲/菲（MPh/Ph）和荧蒽/芘（Fl/Py）的比值对金罗家遗址考古遗址土壤中的多环芳烃的来源进行了初步判断,考古土壤多环芳烃的MPh/Ph值范围主要在0.34~0.89之间（除F13样品值为1.30外）,Fl/Py值范围主要在1.92~5.88之间（除F8样品值为10.82外）,说明多环芳烃的来源主要是热成因。而荧蒽/菲、苯并蒽/菲和苯并芘/菲等可以作为与陆生植物和化石燃料的燃烧有关芳烃的产物的标志,这些多环芳烃可能与人类活动有一定的关系,说明考古遗址土壤中的多环芳烃记录能够反映生活在该遗址上一些人类社会经济发展和活动的信息。因此,多环芳烃是人类活动的良好指示物。同时,在整个剖面土壤中还检测出大量的且种类多样的植硅体和炭屑,植硅体类型主要有：方型、长方型、扇型、哑铃型、鞍型、齿型、帽型、棒型和尖型等。植硅体组合能够恢复当地的古植被,也可以反映古人类在选择和利用植物有关的生活和生产活动。其古植被生长是与古气候变化相适应的,在西周时期文化层,以C3植物为主;东周时期文化层,以C4植物为主;唐宋时期文化层,以C3植物为主,明清时期文化层,以C4植物为主。炭屑是植物有机体不完全燃烧的产物,炭屑分析是研究历史上人类活动的方法之一。在金罗家遗址样品炭屑分析中,从不同古文化堆积层的变化背景中分离出了因人口增长或火灾造成的2个炭屑高峰值,第一个峰值为东周时期,另一峰值为明清时期,这两个峰值与自西周（1 000 BC）以来历史记载的该地区2个人口繁盛和经济发达时间基本相符。在对考古土壤中的多环芳烃、木本型植硅体和炭屑对比分析中,它们的变化规律存在着较好的一致性。这些说明生活在遗址的人类利用和改造自然环境的时候,自然环境也可能影响着人类社会的发展。     

消防战勤保障物资储备点布局与选址问题研究

为科学规划消防应急救援物资储备点布局,进一步提高消防部队处置突发事件的能力,从当前我国消防战勤保障物资储备点的建设现状入手,研究了消防战勤保障物资的分类。在此基础上明确了物资储备点的布点原则和选址方法,建立了储备点选址的数学模型,并利用计算机进行求解,得到若干个备选地址;然后在综合考量各种影响因素的前提下,通过灾害发生区域相对集中的规律进行适当的调整,进而筛选出最佳选址。最后讨论了部局级应急装备物资储备库的布局现状及建议。结果表明:储备库的选址应在科学合理的物资储备点选址基础上,与部局、总队的应急装备物资储备库相互依托、互相补充,从而形成一套符合我国消防力量建设实际的消防战勤保障物资储备体系。