过滤式碳纤维电极消毒效果比较与机理研究

过滤式电极消毒作为一种安全、高效的新型消毒技术备受关注, 然而目前使用的电极材料比较单一, 且稳定性和高效性难以兼备, 制约了该技术的设备化发展.本文采用过滤式消毒方式, 考察了几种高孔隙率的导电碳纤维毡的消毒效果.结果表明, 碳纤维毡电极具有优异的消毒能力, 活性碳纤维电极可在几伏的电压下使细菌死亡, 与传统电化学消毒相比, 电压降低了1~2个数量级.其中A-PCF(聚丙烯腈基活性碳纤维)电极在外接电压2 V, 水力停留时间2 s时即可对大肠杆菌菌液实现>6.5log的去除.当外接电压≤2 V时, 流出物中未检测到氯, pH保持不变, 排除了电化学产物的影响.A-PCF可作为过滤式电极消毒的优选电极材料.     

Improvement of soil aggregate stability by repeated applications of organic amendments to a cultivated silty loam soil

The objective of this study was to compare the effects of repeated field applications of three urban compost amendments and one farmyard manure amendment over a 9-year period on aggregate stability in a silty loam soil initially characterized by low clay and initial organic matter contents and poor aggregate stability. Three different aggregate stability tests with increasing disruptive intensities (fast wetting > mechanical breakdown > slow wetting tests) and different disaggregation mechanisms, were used. All of the amendments, which were applied at approximately 4 Mg C ha⁻¹ every other year, increased the organic carbon content and improved the stability of the aggregates against the disruptive action of water, as determined by each of the stability tests. However, the year-to-year variations in the aggregate stability that related to factors other than the organic inputs were greater than the cumulative increase in aggregate stability relative to the control. The positive effects of the tested amendments on aggregate stability were linked to their contribution to soil organic C contents (r = 0.54 for the fast wetting test and r = 0.41-0.42 for the mechanical breakdown and slow wetting tests; p < 0.05). The addition of urban composts had a larger positive effect on aggregate stability than farmyard manure at the majority of sampling dates. The addition of biodegradable immature compost, such as municipal solid waste (MSW), improved the aggregate stability through an enhanced resistance to slaking. The addition of mature composts, such as the co-compost of sewage sludge and green wastes (GWS) or biowaste compost (BW), improved the aggregate stability by increasing interparticular cohesion. The MSW compost was the most efficient in improving aggregate stability during the first 6 years of the experiment (average improvements of +22%, +5% and +28% in the fast wetting, mechanical breakdown and slow wetting tests, respectively, compared to the control treatment); this result was likely due to the larger labile organic pool of the MSW compost that was highly effective at stimulating soil microbial activity. After the first 6 years, the two other composts, GWS and BW, became more efficient (average improvements of +25%, +61% and +33% in the fast wetting, mechanical breakdown and slow wetting tests, respectively, compared to the control treatment), which was probably linked to the greater increase in soil organic C contents. Therefore, the application of urban compost to silty soil that is susceptible to water erosion was effective at improving aggregate stability and thus could be used to enhance the resistance of soil to water erosion.     

基于CFD的某330 MW燃煤机组SCR脱硝系统混合器优化与验证

为探明混合器形式对于燃煤机组SCR脱硝系统性能的影响,运用数值三维模拟对330 MW燃煤机组SCR脱硝系统烟道中烟气流动速度、温度、氨浓度以及流动方向进行了模拟计算,并采用物理模型对数值模拟结果进行验证。对比研究了使用不同形式混合器上下游速度场、NH₃浓度场、压力损失及加工难度。结果表明:梯形板混合器加工简单、扰动范围大、压力损失大、对下游速度场影响大;扭叶片式混合器阻力小、对下游速度场几乎没有影响,但扰动范围小、安装角度要求高;六角星形混合器综合性能介于梯形板及扭叶片式混合器之间。六角星形混合器能够较好地实现NH₃与烟气混合,下游速度场均匀性及NH₃浓度均匀性满足设计要求。     

机载设备的噪声环境试验研究

介绍了标准中所规定的试验载荷的计算方法,2种噪声试验装置——高声强混响室和高声强行波管,以及高声强试验系统和测试系统的组成。以GJB 150．86—17的图1声谱为基准,开展了机载设备的噪声环境试验研究,对噪声试验中试验夹具的设计和制造、试验样品的安装、试验前的检查和试验程序进行了说明,采用了开环和闭环方式控制声场,试验结果达到了国军标的要求。     

大连市大气污染天气特征及污染成因模拟分析

利用大连市2014~2015年地面观测资料、高空地面形势场和2015年12月NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,结合WRF-CMAQ数值模式,对大连市污染天气特征和污染过程的成因进行分析研究.结果表明：2014~2015年大连市共有大气污染日数145d,占20%,大气污染天气过程35个;发生大气污染时的高空形势场主要为槽后脊前的西北气流场,占63%,槽前西南气流场次之,占21%,槽区、脊区各占6%;地面形势场主要表现为风速较小的均压场（68%）和等压线密集风速较大的非均压场（32%）两种气压场.2015年12月出现的5次污染过程中,大气层结均为稳定层结,且近地面水平风速均值较小,对污染物垂直方向和水平方向上的扩散起到抑制作用,导致空气质量恶化;模拟结果发现大连市冬季污染过程中大气气溶胶的的主要成分是硝酸盐、铵盐和硫酸盐等细颗粒物,其中硝酸盐占比最大,且污染过程的增幅最为明显,说明机动车和燃煤排放已对大连市城市污染的形成产生重要影响.     

北京一次近地面O3与PM2.5复合污染过程分析

利用O_3、PM_(2.5)监测数据、紫外辐射观测数据及气象观测资料,结合WRF模式模拟的大气环境背景场,分析了2014年9月3—8日北京一次近地层O_3与PM_(2.5)复合污染过程。结果表明,O_3和PM_(2.5)出现高质量浓度污染与大陆高压和副热带高压系统的相继持续控制有关,较强的紫外辐射及高压形成的下沉气流是造成边界层复合污染,尤其是O_3污染的主要原因。此次复合污染过程中,O_3于9月4—7日连续4 d超标,PM_(2.5)于9月5—7日连续3 d超标。造成这一现象的原因为:受大陆高压和副高的持续高压影响,北京地区天气晴朗、紫外辐射较强,地面风场较弱,700 h Pa以下持续存在下沉气流,O_3日均质量浓度逐日上升,于9月5日先到达峰值,同时PM_(2.5)日均质量浓度逐日升高;6日在副高西部边缘偏南暖湿气流输送及形成的平流逆温作用下,PM_(2.5)质量浓度突增,削弱了太阳紫外辐射强度,O_3质量浓度开始下降。此后,在低压槽作用下PM_(2.5)质量浓度增到峰值,O_3质量浓度保持下降趋势。9月5—7日形成了3 d的O_3与PM_(2.5)复合污染事件。     

Elevated CO2 facilitates C and N accumulation in a rice paddy ecosystem

Elevated CO2 can stimulate wetland carbon(C) and nitrogen(N) exports through gaseous and dissolved pathways, however, the consequent influences on the C and N pools are still not fully known. Therefore, we set up a free-air CO2 enrichment experiment in a paddy field in Eastern China. After five year fumigation, we studied C and N in the plant–water–soil system. The results showed:(1) elevated CO2 stimulated rice aboveground biomass and N accumulations by 19.1% and 12.5%, respectively.(2) Elevated CO2 significantly increased paddy soil TOC and TN contents by 12.5% and 15.5%, respectively in the 0–15 cm layer, and22.7% and 26.0% in the 15–30 cm soil layer.(3) Averaged across the rice growing period,elevated CO2 greatly increased TOC and TN contents in the surface water by 7.6% and 11.4%,respectively.(4) The TOC/TN ratio and natural δ15N value in the surface soil showed a decreasing trend under elevated CO2. The above results indicate that elevated CO2 can benefit C and N accumulation in paddy fields. Given the similarity between the paddies and natural wetlands, our results also suggest a great potential for long-term C and N accumulation in natural wetlands under future climate patterns.     

用磁稳流化床过滤含尘气体的实验研究

研究磁场强度、气体表观流速比、铁磁性颗粒平均粒径、床层厚度、粉尘在滤料中的积累等因素对除尘效率的影响．结果表明,在磁稳状态,磁稳流化床的过滤效率大于９９％,且随床层厚度的增加和铁磁颗粒粒径的减小而增大．另一方面,随着床内粉尘的积累,磁稳流化床将退出磁稳状态,使过滤效率下降．退出磁稳状态的临界饱和点粉尘量与磁场强度有关,当磁场强度为４３００Ａ／ｍ,临界饱和点粉尘与铁磁颗粒的质量百分比约为６．７％．     

基于散射结构的脉冲流场与清灰压力动态特性分析

针对传统脉冲清灰中存在清灰不均匀的问题,应用上部开口散射器改善滤筒内部流场特性,从而改善清灰效果。通过数值模拟方法研究不同工况下滤筒内部脉冲流场及清灰压力的动态变化规律,探究清灰压力峰值形成机理。结果表明：脉冲喷吹气流以压力波的方式进入滤筒并向侧壁传递,而侧壁处气流径向速度与相同测点的清灰压力随时间等比例同步变化,两者存在直接关联。由于散射器对脉冲喷吹气流的分流和导流作用,相对无散射器而言,滤筒上部径向速度提高,清灰压力相应增大,其峰值由484 Pa增至744 Pa,增加了53.7%;滤筒中、下部,散射器的存在使脉冲喷吹流量和轴向速度减小,降低了脉冲气流对滤筒内部气流的压缩作用,滤筒中下部压力降低,滤筒下部清灰压力峰值由2175 Pa减小至1468 Pa,减小了32.5%。因此增设散射器可以在满足清灰要求的同时明显提高脉冲清灰的均匀性。