厦门市船舶控制区大气污染物排放清单与污染特征

以船舶自动识别系统(automatic identification system,AIS)数据,结合大量厦门港口实地调查信息,采用自下而上的动力法对在控制区内航行的船舶进行逐艘计算,得出2018年厦门市船舶控制区大气污染物排放清单,并详细分析了其污染物排放特征及时空分布.结果表明, 2018年厦门市船舶控制区内船舶污染物排放总量共16 413 t,其中进出港船舶污染物排放占82.2%,未进港船舶占17.8%,各污染物中以NO_x的排放量最大,占比达64.2%,不同航行状态下污染物排放量的顺序为停泊巡航低速巡航机动操控锚泊,控制区内船舶的主要污染来源于货船,并以集装箱船的污染物排放量为最大; 1 d中09:00～16:00处于船舶污染物排放高峰期,1 a中以2月的排放量为最低, 3月和5月出现排放峰值;空间特征上各污染物排放高值主要分布于主航道和港区海岸线.     

Human and organizational factors in Chinese hazardous chemical accidents: a case study of the ‘8.12’ Tianjin Port fire and explosion using the HFACS-HC

Human and organizational factors have been proven to be the prime causes of Chinese hazardous chemical accidents (HCAs). A modified version of the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS), namely the HFACS-Hazardous Chemicals (HC), was developed to identify the human factors involved in Chinese HCAs. The ‘8.12’ Tianjin Port fire and explosion, the costliest HCA in recent years, was reanalyzed using this framework, and the results were compared with the official accident inquiry report to determine their differences related to the identification of human and organizational factors. The study revealed that interacting human factors from different levels in Ruihai Company led to this catastrophe, and the inquiry report had limitations in the identification of human factors and the guidance for similar accident prevention. This study showed the applicability of the HFACS-HC in HCA analyses as well as the necessity to recommend this approach for future HCA investigations.     

Use of Faunal Indicators for Assessing the Impact of a Port Enlargement near Bilbao (Spain)

In order to assess the effects of the execution of the Port of Bilbao Enlargement Project, epifauna living on hard substrata and environmental parameters were quantitatively investigated from 1994 to 1996. A programme of repeated non-destructive sampling at 8 stations was carried out during the construction period of a breakwater and the filling operations on the shoreline. A correlation analysis was used as a method to extract potential indicator species of particular environmental conditions measured in the field. We postulate that the remaining species (about 80% of the total species data set), insensitive to any of the investigated environmental factors, were unnecessary for the purposes of assessing the environmental impact caused by the port building works. Classification and ordination techniques were then conducted at two contrasting levels by using the full species data set and the selected faunal indicator data subset. All plots showed separation of sampling sites in 3 major groups, which were easily related to the perturbations caused by a siltation gradient from the estuary mouth. This suggests that the amount of effort required in the enumeration of all the organisms sampled may be dramatically reduced by identifying only faunal indicators of environmental discontinuities in the field. So far, the engineering works developed on the western side of the bay have not caused dramatic temporal changes in species composition, or at least they have not had an effect that was larger than the variations detected among the study sites due to siltation from the estuary mouth.     

湛江港船舶处理含油污水状况分析

通过对湛江港非油船、油船含油污水接收处理现状的评价，分析了其中存在的问题并提出解决办法。     

Ecotoxicological evaluation of industrial port of Venice (Italy) sediment samples after a decontamination treatment

This work assesses the ecotoxicological effects of polluted sediment after a decontamination treatment process using a new sediment washing technique. Sediment samples were collected from four sites in Marghera Port industrial channels (Venice, Italy). Ecotoxicological evaluations were performed with Vibrio fischeri and Crassostrea gigas bioassays. Whole sediment and elutriate were deemed as the most suitable environmental matrices for this study. Toxicity scores developed in the Lagoon of Venice for V. fischeri on whole sediment and for C. gigas on elutriate were considered for the final ranking of samples. Ecotoxicological results showed that the treated sediment samples presented both acute and sub-chronic toxicities, which were mainly attributed to the presence of some remaining chemicals such as metals and polyaromatic hydrocarbons. The acute toxicity ranged from low to medium, while the sub-chronic one from absent to very high, suggesting that treated sediments could not be reused in direct contact with seawater.     

浅析广州港集装箱清洗废水处理及对策

集装箱运输业快速发展造成清洗集装箱废水量的增加。文中主要介绍了广州港集装箱清洗废水处理流程及原理，提出了存在的问题及其对策。     

黄骅港三期筒仓防煤体高温对策研究

黄骅港三期是单个容量3万吨共24座筒仓的超大型群仓储煤系统,储煤主要来自神华集团所属煤矿,少部分为外购协作煤,多属易自燃煤种。为更有效控制火灾隐患,通过工艺流程分析及危险因素提取,试运营期间数据分析等,研究了致使煤体高温的危险因素和对策。发现运输过程中出现因雨淋而产生润湿热,因粉尘积聚发热的危险;筒仓储煤曾出现数天内温度从10℃升高到45℃,筒仓内有毒有害气体可能超限的危险;输煤皮带可能跑偏引起摩擦生热的危险等。试运营期间针对性采取了喷洒抑尘剂,设置警报系统及检测装置,加强皮带机监控和管理等安全措施。     

Metal contamination in sediments of the western Bohai Bay and adjacent estuaries, China

Twelve sediment cores were collected in July 2007 in open waters of western Bohai Bay, the Port of Tianjin, and the adjacent estuaries of the Haihe and Yongding Rivers. While overall concentrations of trace metals at incremental depths in these cores met the Marine Sediment Quality (GB18668-2002) criteria of China, the magnitude of both metal enrichment factors (EF) and geoaccumulation indices (I(geo)) suggested that pollution with Ag, Cd, Cr, Cu and Zn was occurring in the estuaries and Port. Risk analysis also suggested that Ag and Ni concentrations were sufficiently elevated as to cause adverse biological effects in the study area. Although metal concentrations in western Bohai Bay were of less concern, a positive relationship between EF values and excess (210)Pb activity for several metals suggested that their concentrations were increasing over time.     

生态型港口综合评价指标体系初探——以上海港为例

基于上海市建设生态型城市的长期目标,将港口作为城市生态系统中重要的子系统,对如何建设生态型港口提出了综合评价指标体系.通过筛选得到45项单因素指标,针对不同类型的港区有所分异,整个评价体系分为5个准则层(生态环境、经济效率、污染控制、环境管理、社会评价)和10个因素层(大气/声环境、生物资源、基底质量、经济发展、生产效率、循环经济、污染排放、清洁生产、环保投入、社会参与),并采用AHP(层次分析)法确定了各层次的权重分配.进而根据2005年上海港年均生产状况和2006年上半年的港区环境-资源调查,尝试对上海港7种主要类型(集装箱、件杂货/成品、多用途、干散、粮食港区、液散、客运)的15个港区进行了现状评估.然而,生态港评价系统的指标选取、权重制定、评估级别等实践与完善仍需要多学科和政府职能部门的参与.最后,项目还提出了水生态健康、航道淤积、生态风险、水陆景观等非定量生态港评价因子.     

Survey on environmental monitoring requirements of European ports

A group of 26 European ports was interviewed to understand their requirements for environmental information and to establish how widespread the use of Earth Observation (EO) data was amongst them. Aspects covered by the research included port profile characterisation, environmental management activities, environmental needs and current monitoring practices. The study reflected the diversity amongst European ports and their environmental performances. Most of the ports were publicly owned and located in estuaries and rivers. General cargo was the most popular commodity handled. Practically all the ports had an environmental policy in place and half of them had been accredited by an external body. The main environmental parameters that ports required to be monitored were marine related issues (currents, waves and tide), water quality, meteorological parameters, turbidity and sediment processes. The principal driver for monitoring was maintaining key port operations, followed by legislation, and local responsibilities. Ports in general collected their own data in situ and only one-third had used remotely sensed data (data from Earth Observation satellites or from airplane mounted sensors) for environmental purposes. Half of them used computer modelling. This study was conducted within the framework of the European funded port environmental information collector project (PEARL).