半结构决策方法在松花江蓄洪区选址问题中的研究

研究松花江蓄洪区选址问题的决策方法.松花江蓄滞洪区选址问题涉及诸多定性指标和定量指标,属于半结构决策问题.本文综合层次分析法和模糊优选法,提出求解这类问题的一种半结构决策方法.基本方法是:将评价指标分为定性指标和定量指标;对于定性应用层次分析法,求其评价矩阵;对于定量指标应用相对隶属度方法,求其评价矩阵;二者合成得到全体指标的评价矩阵;最后利用模糊优选法求得最优决策.应用该方法于松花江流域蓄滞洪区的方案选择中.     

流溪河水质评价与监控措施

对流溪河水源1997-2003年连续7年的水质监测资料进行了分析,并采用有机综合污染指数法进行了水质评价.结果表明,流溪河水源的有机污染综合评价值逐年升高,水质逐年变差,尤其近3年来出现重污染现象,且各断面在枯水期受到的污染最严重;其次为丰水期;平水期受到的污染最轻.最后提出了加强有机污染监控和保护流溪河水资源的对策和建议.     

基于高通量分析方法的长江干流重庆段抗生素种类特征及来源初探

采用高通量分析方法对长江干流重庆段11个流域断面、2个市政污水处理厂进水和6个养殖场废水的潜在抗生素进行筛查,并结合抗生素使用调查探讨其来源。结果表明,(1)共检出83种抗生素,其中流域内检出36种,污水处理厂和养殖场废水中检出70种;磺胺间甲氧嘧啶检出率最高,在流域水体和废水的检出率分别为91%和55%,喹诺酮类是检出抗生素的主要类型;(2)长江干流重庆段下游检出抗生素数量高于上游检出抗生素;(3)有20种抗生素可能由上游携带和重庆市内排放2种方式进入流域,7种抗生素可能由上游携带入境,9种抗生素可能由重庆市内排放引入长江。     

Urban development and landscape change in the Yangtze River Delta region in China

The impact of large-scale urban development on land resources has long been debated by urban planners and designers. This study investigated the extent to which different urban characteristics are associated with land-cover change. The Yangtze River Delta region in China, forming one of the largest sprawling urban landscapes among the regions around the world, was chosen for the study area. Spatial analysis and multiple regression methods were applied to empirically investigate the pattern of resource sites lost to urban development in the area between the 1950s and 2017. The results showed that contrary to the widespread notion that large-sized cities are predominantly responsible for a region’s environmental degradation, city size was not a significant factor in determining the rate of resource loss. Large-sized cities gained their populations with far lesser impacts on land than small-sized cities and towns if normalized to the same number of populations. One explanation for the diminishing effect of city size on land-cover change relates to the degree of spatial dispersion of urban development and local differences in social valuation of diversified lands by cities.     

Source attribution for mercury deposition with an updated atmospheric mercury emission inventory in the Pearl River Delta Region,China

Estimated anthropogenic Hg emission was 11.9 tons in Pearl River Delta for 2014. Quantifying contributions of emission sources helps to provide control strategies. More attentions should be paid to Hg deposition around the large point sources. Power plant, industrial source and waste incinerator were priorities for control. A coordinated regional Hg emission control was important for controlling pollution. We used CMAQ-Hg to simulate mercury pollution and identify main sources in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) with updated local emission inventory and latest regional and global emissions. The total anthropogenic mercury emissions in the PRD for 2014 were 11,939.6 kg. Power plants and industrial boilers were dominant sectors, responsible for 29.4 and 22.7%. We first compared model predictions and observations and the results showed a good performance. Then five scenarios with power plants (PP), municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI), industrial point sources (IP), natural sources (NAT), and boundary conditions (BCs) zeroed out separately were simulated and compared with the base case. BCs was responsible for over 30% of annual average mercury concentration and total deposition while NAT contributed around 15%. Among the anthropogenic sources, IP (22.9%) was dominant with a contribution over 20.0% and PP (18.9%) and MSWI (11.2%) ranked second and third. Results also showed that power plants were the most important emission sources in the central PRD, where the ultra-low emission for thermal power units need to be strengthened. In the northern and western PRD, cement and metal productions were priorities for mercury control. The fast growth of municipal solid waste incineration were also a key factor in the core areas. In addition, a coordinated regional mercury emission control was important for effectively controlling pollution. In the future, mercury emissions will decrease as control measures are strengthened, more attention should be paid to mercury deposition around the large point sources as high levels of pollution are observed.     

珠江流域土壤中碳库的存量与通量

通过对珠江流域各主要环境介质中不同形态碳含量的分析和计算,得出该流域0~1.0m范围内土壤碳库的存量为1.36×1013kg,占中国陆地碳库总量的9.51%,全球碳库总量的0.907%;流域净碳输入量为4.141×1010kg/a,碳通量912.74kg/(hm2·a),初步计算表明珠江流域可能是陆地生态系统的一个碳汇区。另一方面,人类活动造成流域内有机碳的大量流失,其中,水土流失损失的碳8.01×109kg/a,植物收割及森林砍伐从土壤-植物系统中携带出的有机碳高达6.26×1011kg/a,这将造成土壤有机质含量的降低,因此促进陆地生态系统有机碳存储是提高本流域土地质量的关键。     

珠江三角洲经济区农业生态环境现状与对策

珠江三角洲经济区耕地锐减，水资源分布不均，工业和农业污染严重，农业生态环境日趋恶化。经济发展不平衡，农业趋于萎缩状态，本文针对这些问题，提出了珠江三角洲农业生态环境治理的指导思想、发展目标和基本措施。     

珠江三角洲淡水养殖沉积物及鱼体中DDTs和PAHs的残留与风险分析

采用GC-ECD和GC-MS分析了珠江三角洲淡水养殖鱼塘沉积物及鱼体中DDTs、PAHs的质量分数。结果表明,珠江三角洲地区鱼塘积物中DDTs质量分数范围为2.87～8.25ng·g-1,PAHs质量分数分布在61.76～196.05ng·g-1(干物质量)之间;鳙鱼、草鱼等5种鱼肌肉样品中DDTs质量分数为5.47～125.27ng·g-(1湿质量),PAHs质量分数为30.94～410.06ng·g-1(湿质量),5个品种鱼体内DDTs质量分数均未超过国家食用卫生标准。部分鱼塘中含有o,p’-DDT和p,p'-DDT,表明近期曾受到DDT污染。生态风险分析表明,珠江三角洲部分地区DDTs污染生态风险较高。     

长江口柱状沉积物中有机质C/N比的研究

对长江口四个站位沉积物中有机质的C／N比在垂向上的分布进行了研究，在影响沉积物中有机质C／N比的环境因素中，上覆水体的水深、盐度、密度以及浊度对其有一定的影响．在研究沉积物中有机质C／N比的分布及其影响因素的基础上，进一步估算了陆源输入和海洋自生有机碳在这四个站位沉积物有机碳中所占的比例，结果表明，海洋自生组分占沉积物总有机碳的比例分别为：53．57％(8号站位)、20．34％(11号站位)，12．28％(17号站位)和32．73％(26号站位)．     

Colonization of the Southern Patagonia Ocean by Exotic Chinook Salmon

Abstract:  Anadromous salmonids have been particularly successful at establishing wild populations in southern Patagonia, in contrast to their limited success elsewhere outside their native ranges. The most recent such discovery is a spawning population of Chinook salmon in the Santa Cruz River, which flows into the Atlantic Ocean from Argentina. We used mitochondrial DNA analysis to discriminate between alternative potential sources of this population and were able to discard in situ introductions of fish imported directly from California in the early twentieth century. Our results showed that the fish most likely came from Puget Sound, Washington, imported into southern Chile for salmon-ranching experiments in the 1980s. This finding provides concrete evidence of colonization of Atlantic rivers from Pacific locations. The southern Pacific and Atlantic oceans provide a favorable marine environment for the success of invading salmon. In particular, the waters associated with fjords, southern channels, and the inshore portion of the Patagonian shelf provide a rather bounded, continuous waterway for exotic anadromous salmonids, rich in diverse forage species.