Understanding the synchronisms and anachronisms of the Columbia River Treaty in relation to the principles of international water law

Based on the theory of the politics of international law and the hermeneutic theory for international relations, this paper aims to demonstrate how the history and contextual changes within the Columbia River Basin have affected the underlying principles of the Columbia River Treaty with those of international water law.     

“New roads – new goals. Positions of feminist planning”. Frei.Räume no. 10, edited by the German FOPA (feminist organisation of (female) planners and architects) in 1998

This Translations contribution presents the 10th issue of the series Frei.Räume (in English: Free spaces), edited by the German Feminist Organisation of (female) Planners and Architects (FOPA) in 1998. The issue was titled “New roads – new goals. Positions of feminist planning” and reflected the contemporary discussions on the state of the art of feminism, gender and planning. While progress was recognized, many authors felt uncomfortable with the ways that feminist concerns had been implemented into planning, and they were looking for ways forward. Among the authors were the most important protagonists of the debates at the time. Looking at the issue today, it becomes clear that many concerns are as up to date as they were in the late 1990s, although circumstances have changed. The paper argues that it is worthwhile to pay attention to these feminist debates in order to develop future strategies for feminism in planning.     

Management of sustainability transitions through planning in shrinking resource city contexts: an evaluation of Yubari City,Japan

This paper evaluates the planning competences required to enact a managed transition to sustainability at the municipal level for cities facing population, economic and employment decline. Drawing on the ‘shrinking cities’ literature, we argue consolidation of the built environment can become a focal point for sustaining citizen welfare when transitioning cities that are facing decline, especially those previously reliant on resource industries. We evaluate the former coal mining city of Yubari, Japan, which is developing a consolidated urban form with the aim of creating a ‘sustainable’ future city. Findings from interviews and content analysis of Yubari’s planning policy indicate, however, that to translate ‘shrinking’ a city into a managed transition, spatial planning must be accompanied by a wider range of social policy measures and strong cross-sectoral engagement. We also caution that the unique geographical and political context of Yubari mean its model may not be directly replicable in other contexts.     

Implementation of the ecosystem services approach in Swedish municipal planning

While ecosystem-based planning approaches are increasingly promoted through international and national policies, municipalities are still struggling with translating them into practice. Against this background, this paper aims to increase the knowledge of current advances and possible ways to support the implementation of the ecosystem services (ES) approach at the municipal level. More specifically, we analyze how ES have been integrated into comprehensive planning within the municipality of Malmö in Sweden over the last 60 years, a declared forerunner in local environmental governance. Based on a content analysis of comprehensive plans over the period 1956–2014 and interviews with municipal stakeholders, this paper demonstrates how planning has shifted over time toward a more holistic view of ES and their significance for human well-being and urban sustainability. Both explicit and implicit applications of the ES concept were found in the analyzed comprehensive plans and associated programs and projects. Our study shows how these applications reflect international, national, and local policy changes, and indicates how municipalities can gradually integrate the ES approach into comprehensive planning and facilitate the transition from implicit to more explicit knowledge use.     

钱塘江突发水污染事故应急系统开发与应用

采用网络信息平台和水环境模型相结合的技术手段,构建了钱塘江突发水污染事故应急系统。该系统旨在帮助应急管理部门快速应对钱塘江流域突发性水污染事故,以及保障G20峰会期间钱塘江流域的饮用水源地安全。该系统以水动力模型、溢油和化学品泄漏模型为核心,采用空间关系型中央数据库作为数据管理系统,基于网络GIS技术开发而成。通过对钱塘江流域历史事故的反演,验证了该系统的准确度和可靠性。在该系统的基础上,构建了钱塘江流域典型流场库和典型突发水污染事故情景库,以实现快速应对G20峰会期间钱塘江流域突发水污染事故风险。     

基于SWMM与ArcGIS的城市内涝灾害风险评估研究 ——以南浦岛为例

城市内涝对城市基础设施造成极大损害且危及市民人身财产安全,需要通过科学评估手段对城市内涝进行风险评估,是防灾减灾工作中的重要一环.以SWMM模拟四种不同设计雨情下广州市南浦岛内的积水状况,利用ArcGIS进行数据分析、功能优化及专题图制作,分析致灾因子和受灾区域性质,结合相关规范建立风险评估体系,通过分析危险性和敏感性对南浦岛主排水管网设计工程的风险评估.利用插值分析得到与实际地形地貌相吻合的灾害风险等级分布图,为防灾减灾提供了决策依据.     

雅砻江中游老里沟坡面型泥石流成因机制及危险度评价

坡面泥石流是山地分布最广,出现频率最高的灾害现象。基于野外现场调查及室内实验分析,阐述了老里沟坡面型泥石流的基本特征及形成机制,并结合泥石流动力特征参数进行了危险度评价。研究结果表明:滑坡体上坡面侵蚀沟道发育,为坡面型泥石流的形成提供了强有力的条件;降雨是诱发老里沟坡面流的主要因素;老里沟泥石流类型为高中频、小规模、粘性、暴雨型泥石流,属于中度危险泥石流沟。     

轻型汽车和汽车塑料配件涂装工艺过程的VOCs组分特征

通过采集和分析珠江三角洲(以下简称“珠三角”)地区轻型汽车和汽车塑料配件涂装工艺过程的VOCs样品,识别了上述两个行业不同涂装工艺过程的VOCs组分特征.结果表明:芳香烃(56.4%~75.5%)和OVOCs(11.0%~35.7%)为轻型汽车涂装工艺占比最大的两种VOCs组分;烷烃和烯炔烃在烘干工艺所占比重要高于喷涂工艺;1,2,4-三甲苯为电泳和面涂烘干工序的主要VOCs组分,间/对-二甲苯、乙酸丁酯、丙二醇甲醚醋酸酯分别为中涂、面涂和中涂烘干工序的主要VOCs组分.汽车塑料配件涂装工艺不同工序的VOCs组成相似,芳香烃(53.3%~58.3%)和OVOCs(40.9%~45.8%)为主要VOCs组成,甲苯、乙酸乙酯、乙酸丁酯等为主要VOCs组分.不同废气治理设施对汽车塑料配件涂装工艺VOCs组分会造成一定的影响.活性炭吸附治理设施处理后的主要VOCs组分为甲苯、乙苯和邻二甲苯等芳香烃组分,水喷淋治理设施则为乙酸乙酯、乙酸丁酯和丙二醇甲醚醋酸酯等OVOCs类组分.通过与其他研究对比,丙二醇甲醚醋酸酯作为原辅料和废气中的主要组分之一,在以往研究中并未识别出来,表明针对测试对象的原辅料与工艺信息的现场调研是开展VOCs组分特征及成分谱研究的基础工作,建议未来该方面研究加强对前期调研工作的重视.此外,建议关注行业发展趋势给VOCs成分谱研究带来的影响.     

应用O/E模型评价淮河流域典型水体底栖动物完整性健康的研究

本研究尝试采用我国已有的季风气候区底栖动物观测值(O)/期望值(E)比值模型,在无足够数量参照样点的情况下,建立淮河流域O/E指数健康评价指标体系,评价淮河流域典型水体底栖动物物种组成完整性现状.于2014年夏季(8月)和秋季(11月)分别调查了淮河流域20和25个典型水体的底栖动物和水质指标.O/E模型评价结果表明,监测点位在PC(Probabilities of Capture)0和PC≥0.5条件下,夏季和秋季的物种期望丰富度分别约为25和9.所有25个点位中,仅1个点位为健康,其余为一般或较差;模型控制自然梯度后O/E0和O/E50值均没有显著的季节性差异(p=0.565和0.229).环境胁迫因子(TN、EC、CODCr和p H)和土地覆盖数据(水体比例、湿地比例、裸地比例、森林比例和草地比例)对秋季O/E50和O/E50-null的解释量高于夏季,TN是能够解释淮河流域典型水体夏季O/E指数变异最多的环境因子,p H和CODCr是能够解释秋季O/E指数变异最多的环境因子.研究表明,在缺少有效参照点位构建评价指标体系的情况下,在淮河流域应用已经构建的季风气候区底栖动物O/E指数模型进行健康评价是比较可靠的方法.     

含硫废水受控氧化及单质硫团聚过程研究

采用过氧化氢在常温常压下对模拟含硫废水进行受控氧化,探讨了受控氧化过程对单质硫收率的影响,并对氧化过程中固相产物的形态特性进行了研究.结果表明,在过氧化氢投加量为9 m L·L-1、初始p H为6、反应时间为10min条件下,将反应体系氧化还原电位(ORP)控制在(30±5)m V时能较好实现含硫废水的受控氧化,此时单质硫收率达76.35%,当体系ORP由(-50±5)m V升高至(50±5)m V时,副产物S2O2-3收率显著下降,由26.54%下降至5.32%.X射线衍射分析表明,氧化过程中的固相产物主要为正交晶系斜方硫;扫描电子显微镜分析表明,液相中的单质硫由多个极小的颗粒聚集而成,其粒径由纳米级逐渐增大至微米级.同时,通过向反应体系中加入分散剂证明了单质硫颗粒增大的主要原因是颗粒间发生了团聚.