交通事故发生规律与城市道路系统的规划设计研究

笔者分析了城市交通事故发生率与道路等级、道路断面形式、路网密度、交叉口形式、道路车速的关系及交通事故人群的分布规律,认为道路宽而稀、支路缺乏、街道功能不清是我国城市道路网与用地微观布局的基本特点。大量数据分析表明,这种路网体系与我国的城市交通事故率偏高有着密切关系。路网规划是城市路网建设的基本依据,笔者认为,应当将降低城市交通事故率作为路网规划的考虑内容之一,同时指出,应在路网规划中合理选择道路断面形式、交叉口形式,建议适度加密路网、健全支路体系、理清街道功能,并考虑城市道路的车速控制与驾驶心态调整。     

火灾环境下多层建筑的人员疏散路径模型研究

针对公共路段人员交汇出现的疏散速度减缓问题,构建了一个多层建筑的人员疏散最优路径模型。该模型以优先满足疏散时间较长的楼层为前提,保证任意时刻任意路径的人员流量不为零,同时优先使最短路径达到人员流量饱和,在此基础上对其算法步骤进行了改进。最后结合实例进行验证,结果表明,本模型可以更加准确地预估疏散所需时间。     

京杭大运河王江泾断面水质达标综合治理对策

简述了京杭大运河王江泾断面水质及区域水污染现状,指出工业污染、农业面源污染、污水集中处理设施滞后、内源污染是区域水污染的主要因素。提出,对区域水环境综合整治,实现京杭大运河王江泾断面水质稳定达标,必须推进产业结构调整与空间布局优化,推进点源污染整治,推进农业面源污染治理,推进生活污染源整治,推进河道整治,提高环境监管及应急水平。     

基于云模型的太湖流域农村水环境承载力动态变化特征分析——以太湖流域镇江区域为例

农村水环境承载力的定量估算及其动态变化特征研究有助于了解农村地区水资源供需平衡和水环境质量状况,为新农村建设规划和水环境可持续发展提供科学依据。本文以太湖流域镇江区域为研究对象,结合云模型改进模糊综合评价法,构建农村水环境承载力的PSR分析框架和评估指标体系,并结合雷达图、云模型发生器分析其动态变化特征及影响因素。结果表明:云模型能够较好地表征农村水环境承载力的变化特征;农村水环境承载力对太湖流域镇江区域的工农业废水排放、供水总量和治水投入的要求更高;2010~2014年太湖流域镇江区域农村水环境承载力基本保持稳中上升的趋势,但总体处于弱承载状态,且丹阳丹徒润州京口。     

大直径泥水盾构始发段掘进对近接既有地铁桥梁的影响分析

为了在大直径盾构泥水始发段保障邻近既有地铁桥梁结构的安全性和正常营运,依托京张高铁清华园隧道3#～2#盾构区间始发段施工工程,采用有限元方法建立三维精细化数值模型,分析始发段大直径盾构掘进引起邻近桥梁结构的变形规律,并给出有针对性的防护措施.研究结果表明:在大直径盾构始发施工时,在不采取防护措施的情况下,盾构工程对邻近...     

东北四海龙湾玛珥湖年纹层的研究方法及初步成果

位于东北龙岗火山区的四海龙湾玛珥湖沉积物保存有清晰的年纹层,为进行高精度的纹层年代学研究和高分辨率的古气候重建提供了良好的材料。本文对四海龙湾玛珥湖岩芯钻取进行了简要的介绍,详细描述了进行纹层研究的岩相学大薄片的制备过程,并对这些过程中可能出现的操作失误进行了探讨。最后,介绍了四海龙湾玛珥湖年纹层的研究内容和方法以及已经取得的初步成果。     

深厚黄土覆盖层上土石坝地震响应特性分析

采用非线性有限单元法和笔者曾提出的动孔压试验曲线法,对某深厚黄土覆盖层上土石坝进行了有效应力法地震响应分析,重点分析大坝的绝对加速度、动位移和动应力等动力响应及动孔隙水压力分布情况。分析结果表明,在现有设计条件下,由于坝基软弱黄土覆盖层较厚,大坝在7度地震作用下地震响应不强烈,但坝基黄土覆盖层会出现液化情况,需采取相应的抗液化工程措施。     

大型梯级水库对河流生态流量的影响——以金沙江下游梯级为例

大型梯级水库通常具有较大的调节库容,水库运行使坝下河道自然的流量过程受到较大扰动,一些具有重要生态意义的流量组的特征被改变,如洪水、高流量脉动、低流量和极端低流量。基于BRAIN等提出的河流生态流量影响研究理论,结合金沙江屏山断面的水文与河流生态的关系,选取水平年组对高流量脉动和极端低流量组的判别参数进行率定,确定自然条件下屏山断面生态流量组指标值。模拟金沙江下游梯级建成后的逐日流量过程,求得各生态流量组指标值并与自然条件下的指标值进行对比,分析金沙江下游“乌东德-白鹤滩-溪洛渡-向家坝”梯级水库建成后可能对屏山断面生态流量过程的影响。研究结果表明：建库后屏山断面将可能出现“极端低流量消失、低流量提高、高流量脉动散化、洪水基本保持”的变化特点.     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

Effect of Rainfall Regime and Slope on Runoff in a Gullied Loess Region on the Loess Plateau in China

Runoff was measured from seven plots with different slopes nested in Tuanshangou catchment on the Loess Plateau to study effect of slopes on runoff in relation to rainfall regimes. Based on nine years of field observation and K-mean clusters, 84 rainfall events were grouped into three rainfall regimes. Rainfall regime A is the group of events with strong rainfall intensity, high frequency, and short duration. Rainfall regime C consists of events with low intensity, long duration, and infrequent occurrence. Rainfall regime B is the aggregation of events of medium intensity and medium duration, and less frequent occurrence. The following results were found: (1) Different from traditional studies, runoff coefficient neither decreased nor increased, but presented peak value on the slope surfaces; (2) For individual plot, runoff coefficients induced by rainfall regime A were the highest, and those induced by rainfall regime C were the lowest; Downslope, the runoff coefficients induced by three rainfall regimes presented the same changing trend, although the peak value induced by regime A occurred on a shorter slope length compared to those by regime B and C; (3) Scale effect on runoff induced by rainfall regime A was the least, and that induced by rainfall regime C was the largest. These results can be explained by the interactions of crusting, soil moisture content, slope length and gradient, and erosion units, etc., in the context of different rainfall regimes.