IDENTIFICATION OF AN OPTIMAL SAMPLING STRATEGY FOR A CONSTRUCTED WETLAND1

ABSTRACT: The objective of this investigation was to determine the effect of sampling frequency and sampling type on estimates of monthly nutrient loads and flow‐weighted nutrient concentrations in a constructed wetland. Phosphorus and nitrogen loads and concentrations entering and leaving a subtropical wetland (the Everglades Nutrient Removal Project, ENRP) were calculated on the basis of three sampling frequencies. The first frequency included weekly composite samples (three daily samples composited for one week) and grab samples from August 1994 to July 1997, representing a base‐line condition for comparison with results using reduced sampling frequencies. The second and third sampling frequency included three and two composite samples per month, respectively, drawn from the weekly samples. Total phosphorus and nitrogen loads calculated using two and three samples per month were almost identical to results based on four samples per month (least‐squares regression coefficients ranged from 0.96 to 0.98). Results of monthly mean flow‐weighted nutrient concentrations, obtained using reduced sampling frequencies, also were strongly correlated to concentrations calculated using the base‐line sampling frequency (r²ranged from 0.82 to 0.93). Grab samples did not always provide good estimates of loads or concentrations, particularly at the inflow when data were highly variable. From the results of this study, we can recommend that bi‐weekly composite sampling be used to monitor nutrient concentrations and loads discharged from larger‐scale Everglades Stormwater Treatment Areas (STAs) now under construction. Because there are high costs associated with water sample collection and processing, studies to identify optimal sampling frequencies should be a key feature in the design of any comprehensive wetland‐monitoring program.     

SEASONAL WATER TABLE DYNAMICS OF A SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN FLOODPLAIN AND ASSOCIATED FEN1

ABSTRACT: Appalachian mountain alluvial wetlands include floodplain forests interspersed with fens or bogs. This study evaluates the water table dynamics of an Appalachian mountain flood‐plain which includes a depressional fen. Water table wells and piezometers documented seasonal patterns of the water table and the vertical hydraulic gradient (VHG) in the floodplain and fen areas. Additional water table wells determined the potential sources of water from adjacent hillslopes to the fen area. The water table of the floodplain and the fen exhibited distinct regular seasonal fluctuations. The water table remained near the surface of the fen from late winter through late spring and dropped 20 to 80 cm during the summer between precipitation events. The water table of the floodplain fluctuated more but followed similar patterns and was typically within 40 cm of the surface during late winter and early spring months and greater than 60 cm during the summer months. The water table of the floodplain was more often correlated to precipitation than the water table of the fen. The VHG in the floodplain was highly variable although seasonal patterns of upwelling of water in fall and downwelling in winter were common. The VHG of the fen showed a consistent downwelling of water and suggested that the fen serves as a recharge area for an aquifer. Principal sources of water for the fen appeared to be precipitation, inflow from a shallow aquifer on an adjacent slope plus increased interflow associated with precipitation events from another adjacent slope. The influence of soil texture on water dynamics of the fen or floodplain was not fully ascertained but it appeared to influence horizontal flow from hillslopes and the depth of the water table in the fen.     

DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF A SPATIAL HYDROLOGY MODEL OF OKEFENOKEE SWAMP,GEORGIA1

ABSTRACT: :The model described herein was used to assess effects of the Suwannee River sill (a low earthen dam constructed to impound the Suwannee River within the Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge to eliminate wildfires) on the hydrologic environment of Okefenokee Swamp, Georgia. Developed with Arc/Info Macro Language routines in the GRID environment, the model distributes water in the swamp landscape using precipitation, inflow, evapotranspiration, outflow, and standing water. Water movement direction and rate are determined by the neighborhood topographic gradient, determined using survey grade Global Positioning Systems technology. Model data include flow rates from USGS monitored gauges, precipitation volumes and water levels measured within the swamp, and estimated evapotranspiration volumes spatially modified by vegetation type. Model output in semi‐monthly time steps includes water depth, water surface elevation above mean sea level, and movement direction and volume. Model simulations indicate the sill impoundment affects 18 percent of the swamp during high water conditions when wildfires are scarce and has minimal spatial effect (increasing hydroperiods in less than 5 percent of the swamp) during low water and drought conditions when fire occurrence is high but precipitation and inflow volumes are limited.     

扎龙湿地沉积物垂向剖面中多环芳烃分布特征

对扎龙湿地核心区沉积物分层取样,以正己烷/二氯甲烷为提取剂,用超声波方法提取沉积物中16种优控PAHs,采用GC/MS法定量分析w(PAHs). 结果表明,扎龙湿地剖面沉积物中2环和3环PAHs占PAHs总量的86%以上,4环以上的PAHs所占比例较小. 在各层沉积物中含量较高的萘、菲、芴及PAHs总量随深度的增加而减小,沉积物表层0～10 cm内的w(PAHs)最高,达396.61 ng/g. 表层沉积物中含量较高的PAHs为萘>菲>芴>荧蒽>芘>二氢苊>苊烯>. w(PAHs)与沉积物中w(TOC)呈正相关关系,相关系数为0.9347. 从扎龙湿地的低环PAHs污染特征以及同周边地区大气颗粒物中的PAHs对照分析表明,扎龙湿地沉积物中的PAHs主要来源于石油类污染.      

广州南沙地区湿地生态系统的特征分析

南沙地区是广州城市空间“南拓”发展战略的重点开发区域,南沙地区湿地资源丰富。南沙建设必须正确处理湿地开发与保护的关系,实现社会经济与生态环境协调发展。本文根据湿地资源调查结果,详细分析了南沙地区湿地生态系统的基本特征,为南沙开发建设中保护与合理利用湿地资源提供科学依据。     

Optimal conditions for chlorothalonil and dissolved organic carbon in horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands

The most efficient system of horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands (HSSFCW) for removing dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the presence of chlorothalonil pesticide (CLT) present in synthetic domestic wastewater was determined using the macrophyte Phragmites australis. Two concentrations of CLT (85 and 385 μg L^?1) and one concentration of glucose (20 mg L^?1) were evaluated in four pilot scale horizontal surface flow constructed wetlands coupled with two sizes of silica gravel, igneous gravel, fine chalky gravel (3.18–6.35 mm), coarse gravel (12.70–25.40 mm) and two water surface heights (20 and 40 cm). For a month, wetlands were acclimated with domestic wastewater. Some groups of bacteria were also identified in the biofilm attached to the gravel. In each treatment periodic samplings were conducted in the influent and effluent. Chlorothalonil was quantified by gas chromatography (GC-ECD m), DOC by an organic carbon analyzer and bacterial groups using conventional microbiology in accordance with Standard Methods. The largest removals of DOC (85.82%–85.31%) were found when using fine gravel (3.18–6.35 mm) and the lower layer of water (20 cm). The bacterial groups quantified in the biofilm were total heterotrophic, revivable heterotrophic, Pseudomonas and total coliforms. The results of this study indicate that fine grain gravel (3.18–6.35 mm) and both water levels (20 to 40 cm) can be used in the removal of organic matter and for the treatment of agricultural effluents contaminated with organo-chloride pesticides like CLT in HSSFCW.     

半月周期的潮汐对滨海湿地土壤理化性质的影响

周期性的潮汐是滨海湿地重要的水文特征,为了探讨潮汐的半月周期(包括小潮期和大潮期)对土壤理化性质的影响及可能的机制,于2009年7月中下旬测定了长江口崇明东滩湿地土壤理化性质在小潮期和大潮期交替周期内的变化规律。结果表明,与小潮期相比,由于频繁的潮水淹没,大潮期0～5 cm土壤含水量的增加量从低潮滩向高潮位依次为:44.8%、18.5%、10.9%和14.3%,5～10 cm含水量的增加量从低潮滩向高潮位依次为:19.2%、9.8%、12.6%和16.2%,10～20 cm则依次为:5.6%、6.1%、2.5%和7.3%。大潮期,从低潮滩向高潮滩增加的盐度依次为0.18、0.13、0.10和0.09 ms·cm^-1,增加的硫酸盐依次为0.32、0.21、0.16、0.13 mg·g^-1。与小潮期相比,大潮期氧化还原电位(Eh)显著降低;土壤容重、pH、可溶性有机碳和可溶性氮在大小潮期间无明显差异。此外,在潮汐的半月周期内,低潮滩土壤比高潮滩有更高淹水频率和更长淹水时间,受潮水的影响更明显,大潮期低潮滩土壤含水量、盐度和硫酸盐的增加幅度大于高潮滩,低潮滩土壤Eh降低幅度则小于高潮滩。半月周期的潮汐可以显著影响滨海湿地的部分土壤理化性质,且不同潮位的土壤性质对潮汐的响应程度不同,进而可能会对湿地植物生长和相关生态过程起到重要的调控作用。     

退化过程中翅碱蓬湿地营养元素变化特征研究

在双台子河口选取4块样地,分别代表恢复中、长势良好、退化严重的翅碱蓬湿地和裸露的光滩,于2009年6月、2009年9月、2010年4月(代表夏季,秋季,春季)分别采集表层土壤与植物样品。通过对翅碱蓬生物量、N、P、有机质含量及土壤N、P、有机质含量的测定,分析了翅碱蓬湿地退化过程中土壤及植物营养元素的变化规律。结果表明:春季各种类型翅碱蓬湿地土壤的有机质(分别为1.88%、1.89%、1.19%、1.13%)和总磷(分别为496.30、498.75、435.97、404.57 mg/kg)含量顺序为:长势良好≈光滩>退化中>恢复中,同该类型湿地的演替顺序一致,说明湿地的退化导致土壤C、P素大量损失。翅碱蓬湿地的退化引起翅碱蓬植株生长状态的变化,导致同一种湿地植物植株中N、P、有机质含量在不同退化类型湿地中的分布存在明显差异,说明湿地的退化,已经明显的影响到N、P、有机质的生物地球化学循环。     

大亚湾湿地沉积物氮矿化特征及影响因素探究

为探讨大亚湾滨海湿地沉积物中有机氮矿化作用的时空分布规律及其影响因素,于2017年3月（枯水期）和8月（丰水期）分别采集了大亚湾典型湿地3个断面的表层沉积物,利用连续淹水培养法对沉积物有机氮矿化过程进行了测定.结果发现,不同站位沉积物氮的矿化速率差异较大,其矿化速率范围为1.88~15.12mg/（kg·d）,平均速率为（6.45±3.47）mg/（kg·d）,整体呈现S3（红树林断面）> S1（光滩断面）> S2（河口断面）的分布规律.矿化速率的最高值出现在S3红树林断面,表明红树植物的生长能够促进微生物的矿化作用.蛋白酶和脲酶的活性平均值分别为（8.52±4.21）mg/（kg·d）和（25.34±11.11）μg/（g·d）,蛋白酶活性空间分布上与矿化速率的分布特征一致,表现为S3 > S1 > S2.蛋白酶和脲酶活性最高的区域均出现在S3断面的高潮带,这主要由于红树林影响地区具有较高的生产力和微生物丰度,促进了微生物代谢酶的产生.蛋白酶的活性远高于脲酶活性,表明人类活动对近岸湿地生态系统的物质输入可能主要以大分子类有机氮为主.在河口断面,矿化速率和酶活活性均较低,与该地区较高的NH₄⁺-N含量有关.整体上,湿地沉积物矿化速率与蛋白酶和脲酶之间呈现出显著的正相关性（P<0.01）,说明蛋白酶和脲酶在有机氮的矿化过程中发挥了关键作用.     

扎龙湿地丹顶鹤繁殖栖息地的选择及扩散

景观演变对野生动物栖息地质量和连接度造成的影响,一直是威胁全球生物多样性保护的关键问题,开展扎龙湿地丹顶鹤（Grus japonensis）繁殖栖息地选择及繁殖期生境间的扩散研究,对野生丹顶鹤的保护具有重要的意义。首先利用需要“出现点”的生态位MAXENT模型,进行适宜栖息地选择研究。从水源、食物、干扰、隐蔽物四个方面选择明水面距离、土壤湿度、NDVI、道路距离和居民地距离五个环境变量作为丹顶鹤繁殖栖息地选择的影响因子,预测扎龙保护区可供丹顶鹤进行营巢繁殖的栖息地分布,并分析各影响因子的反应曲线。结果显示：丹顶鹤易于选择远离道路和居民地干扰且靠近明水面的区域作为营巢栖息地,栖息地土壤湿度较高并且植被覆盖较多。从MAXENT模型中提取了38个适宜栖息地斑块,基于电路理论模拟丹顶鹤繁殖期失去飞行能力时的多路径扩散,最大电流密度图突出了可能的“夹点”,模拟出具有一定宽度范围的连接区域,可供丹顶鹤在繁殖期间进行扩散。累积电流密度图突出了在维持网络连通性方面起到积极作用的斑块,并进行面积加权来评估适宜栖息地斑块的综合重要性。结果表明,在MAXENT模型预测出的适宜栖息地斑块基础上,考虑丹顶鹤繁殖期的迁移扩散行为,利用累积电流密度面积加权来评估适宜栖息地斑块的综合重要性,得到的适宜性等级更符合丹顶鹤真实巢址的分布。研究成果可为保护区丹顶鹤栖息繁殖生境的恢复和保护提供科学依据。