淹水增加对闽江河口淡水潮汐湿地孔隙水地球化学特征及CO2和CH4排放通量的影响

海平面上升使得河口潮汐湿地淹水高度增加,对CO_2和CH_4的排放通量产生重要影响,但目前绝大多数研究集中在淹水增加对河口盐沼湿地的影响,淹水增加对于河口淡水潮汐湿地的影响缺乏数据.鉴于此,本研究利用模拟潮汐池和中型生态系,研究淹水增加15 cm和30 cm后对闽江河口淡水潮汐湿地孔隙水(NH_4+、NO_3-、DOC、溶解性CH_4和DIC)浓度及CO_2和CH_4排放通量的影响.结果表明,淹水高度增加15 cm和30 cm后,CO_2的排放通量分别下降28. 53%和36. 56%;淹水增加15 cm时,CH_4的排放通量没有显著变化,增加至30 cm后,CH_4的排放通量显著增加29. 27%;淹水高度增加15 cm和30 cm,孔隙水CH_4的浓度分别增加47. 83%和73. 91%.淹水增加对孔隙水DOC浓度变化影响不显著.淹水增加促进孔隙水NH_4+浓度,并降低孔隙水DIC和NO_3-的浓度.淹水增加降低CO_2和CH_4排放通量的温度敏感性.根据研究结果,未来海平面上升50 a和100 a后,闽江河口淡水潮汐湿地的综合增温潜势将分别降低28%和35%.     

农户庭院型人工湿地对农村生活污水的净化效果

为了探讨人工湿地在农村生活污水处理应用中的可行性,通过在广东省珠海市上洲村建立农户型水平潜流和垂直流人工湿地系统各一套,比较2种人工湿地对农村生活污水净化效果的差异。在运行稳定阶段,2套系统处理出水中COD、BOD5、TP、NH4+-N和TN的平均浓度均达到了城镇污水处理厂排放标准(GB18918-2002)一级A标准。2套系统对农村生活污水的各污染物都具有很好的去除效果。其中,垂直流湿地对COD、BOD5、TP、TN和NH4+-N平均去除率分别为96.10%、96.01%、85.32%、91.18%和82.44%;水平潜流湿地则分别为93.29%、94.41%、86.52%、85.95%和77.46%。统计分析结果表明,垂直流湿地对NH4+-N的去除率高于水平潜流湿地,且其差异达到显著水平;水平潜流湿地对TP的去除率高于垂直流湿地,但其差异未达到显著水平。     

潜流型人工湿地堵塞机制及其模型化

从物理、化学、生物三个方面分析了人工湿地堵塞的机理,指出湿地堵塞的过程实质上就是有效孔隙率减少的过程,湿地的堵塞与否,堵塞的程度如何,可由其饱和水力传导系数来表征。对几个与人工湿地堵塞有关的数学模型作了介绍和分析,并探讨了一些预防人工湿地堵塞的措施以及其未来的研究方向。     

模拟盐水入侵对河口湿地土壤碳矿化潜力的影响研究

河口湿地在全球陆地生态系统碳循环中具有重要作用,为了揭示盐水入侵对河口湿地土壤碳矿化潜力的影响,以闽江河口淡水湿地为研究对象,采用室内泥浆厌氧培养与气相色谱法相结合的方法,通过设置高频率盐度梯度的盐水入侵情景模式,对不同处理下的土壤碳矿化潜力(以CO₂产生潜力表征)及其环境调节因子进行连续3周的测定与分析.研究结果表明：(1)不同盐度处理下土壤pH值均低于对照处理(0),氨态氮(NH₄⁺-N)含量均高于对照处理,且随盐度增加而增加,可溶性有机碳(DOC)含量在盐度25‰、30‰处理下高于对照处理,SO₄^2-含量在盐度20‰、25‰、30‰处理下高于对照处理;(2)随着时间的变化,厌氧培养第1周CO₂产生潜力显著高于第2周和第3周(p<0.05),不同盐度处理CO₂产生潜力差异较大,表现为低盐度(0.5‰～10‰)促进和高盐度(15‰～30‰)抑制作用,盐度10‰～15‰可能是影响土壤碳矿化转变的重要转折点;(3)不同盐度处理下C...     

湖滨带复合型人工湿地氮磷的去除效果

湖滨带是连接湖泊水域生态系统与陆地生态系统的一个功能过渡区,是湖泊的最后一道保护屏障。在河流的入湖口建造湖滨湿地,可有效净化入湖径流中携带的部分有机污染物、营养盐等。以云南抚仙湖北岸的湖滨湿地—马料河复合人工湿地为研究对象,探讨了湿地不同功能区去除氮磷的效果。研究表明,沉淀池除氮效果最不明显,在该区内有机氮可能发生矿化作用而转变为氨氮。有植物系统的潜流和表流区除氮效果较为明显,潜流区对氨氮、硝氮和总氮的平均去除率分别达18.0%、19.7%和22.6%;表流区对三者的平均去除率分别达50.4%、35.9%和43.5%。沉淀池对磷有一定的截留作用,且在进水污染物质量浓度较高时表现明显,平均截留率为14.9%。潜流和表流区除磷效果不明显,可能是因为湿地运行了两年多,土壤吸附交换达到平衡,影响了表流区的除磷效果。潜流区除磷效果受降雨影响较大,雨季时,总磷的平均截留率为12.1%,主要是不溶性磷的吸附和沉积;雨季末期,湿地流量较小,水体流动性差,系统内处于厌氧状态,出现磷释放现象。     

影像融合技术在滩涂湿地植被分类中的应用

选择上海崇明东滩鸟类自然保护区的盐沼植被为对象,利用该地区2004年TM多光谱影像与同期SPOT5全色影像进行多种规则的融合,通过计算信息熵、均值、标准差、平均梯度、偏差指数、相关系数和均方根差7项指标,评价选取光谱信息较丰富、空间信息更清晰的融合影像.在此基础上,利用该融合影像进行植被分类,得到滩涂地区典型植被、光滩和水体等专题分类影像及其信息,并利用实地观测的134个样区进行比较验证.研究结果表明:相对于融合前的TM影像,利用Wavelet +IHS方法融合后的图像数据能很好地保留TM影像的多光谱信息,同时增加了其空间分辨率.融合技术可以充分利用各类遥感影像的空间和光谱信息,有效提高海岸带资源调查与监测的精度.     

Changes in area and number of nature reserves in China

Nature reserves (NR) are the cornerstone of biodiversity conservation. Over the past 60 years, the rapid expansion of NRs in China, one of the world's megadiverse countries, has played a critical role in slowing biodiversity loss. We examined the changes in the number and area of China's NRs from 1956 to 2014 and analyzed the effect of economic development on the expansion of China's NRs from 2005 to 2014 with linear models. Despite a continuing increase in the number of NRs, the total area of China's NRs decreased by 3% from 2007 to 2014. This loss resulted from downsizing and degazettement of existing NRs and a slowdown in the establishment of new ones. Nature reserves in regions with rapid economic development exhibited a greater decrease in area, suggesting that downsizing and degazettement of NRs are closely related to the intensifying competition between economic growth and conservation. For example, boundary adjustments to national NRs, the most strictly protected NRs, along the coast of China's Yellow Sea, a global biodiversity hotspot with a fast-growing economy, resulted in the loss of one-third of the total area. One of the most important ecosystems in these NRs, tidal wetlands, decreased by 27.8% because of boundary adjustments and by 25.2% because of land reclamation. Our results suggest conservation achievement, in terms of both area and quality, are declining at least in some regions in the Chinese NR estate. Although the designation of protected areas that are primarily managed for sustainable use has increased rapidly in recent years in China, we propose that NRs with biodiversity conservation as their main function should not be replaced or weakened.     

黄河三角洲芦苇湿地土壤有机碳储量沿盐分梯度的变化特征

以黄河三角洲芦苇湿地为研究对象,于2019年6月自海向陆沿盐分梯度采集土壤和植物样品,研究了不同盐度条件下芦苇湿地土壤有机碳含量和储量的空间分布特征及其与土壤属性和植物地下生物量的关系.结果 表明,黄河三角洲芦苇湿地100 cm深土壤有机碳储量为4.46～7.65 kg·m-2,平均值为6.24 kg· m-2.表层浓...     

The Role of Headwater Wetlands in Altering Streamflow and Chemistry in a Maine,USA Catchment1

Morley, Terry R., Andrew S. Reeve, and Aram J.K. Calhoun, 2011. The Role of Headwater Wetlands in Altering Streamflow and Chemistry in a Maine, USA Catchment. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 1‐13. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00519.x Abstract: Headwater wetlands, including hillside seeps, may contribute to downstream systems disproportionately to their relatively small size. We quantified the hydrology and chemistry of headwater wetlands in a central Maine, USA, catchment from 2003 to 2005 to determine their role in maintaining headwater streamflow and in affecting stream chemistry. A few of these headwater wetlands, commonly referred to as “seeps,” were characterized by relatively high groundwater discharge. During summer base flow, seeps were the primary source of surface water to the stream, contributing between 40 and 80% of stream water. Comparisons of groundwater and surface water dominant ion chemistry revealed only slight differences at the bedrock interface; however, significant changes occurred at the shallow groundwater‐surface water interface where we found decreases in total and individual cation concentrations with decreasing depth. Seep outflows significantly increased total cation and calcium concentrations in streams. Outflows at two seeps produced relatively high nitrate concentrations (88 ± 15 and 93 ± 15 μg/l respectively), yet did not correspond to higher nitrate in stream water below seep outflows (2 ± 1 μg/l). We demonstrate that small wetlands (< 1,335 m²) can contribute to headwater stream processes by linking groundwater and surface‐water systems, increasing the duration and magnitude of stream discharge, and by affecting stream chemistry, particularly during periods of base flow.     

The performance of constructed wetlands treating primary, secondary and dairy soiled water in Ireland (a review)

In Ireland, no database detailing the design, influent loading rates or performance of constructed wetlands (CWs) exists. On account of this, they are designed without any protocol based on empirical data. The aim of this paper was to provide the first published data on the performance of free-water surface flow (FWSF) CWs treating primary and secondary-treated municipal wastewater, and agricultural dairy soiled water (DSW) in Ireland. In total, the performance of thirty-four FWSF CWs, comprising fourteen CWs treating primary-treated municipal wastewater, thirteen CWs treating secondary-treated municipal wastewater, and seven CWs treating DSW, were examined. In most CWs, good organic, suspended solids (SS) and nutrient removal was measured. At an average organic loading rate (OLR) of 10 and 9 g biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) m(-2) d(-1), CWs treating primary and secondary wastewater removed 95 and 84% of influent BOD. Constructed wetlands treating DSW had an average BOD removal of 98%. At average SS loading rates of 6 and 14 g m(-2) d(-1), CWs treating primary and secondary wastewater had a 96 and an 82% reduction, and produced a final effluent with a concentration of 14 and 13 mg L(-1). Constructed wetlands treating DSW produced a final effluent of 34 mg L(-1) (94% reduction). Similar to other studies, all CWs examined had variable performance in ammonium-N (NH(4)(+)-N) removal, with average removals varying between 37% (for CWs treating secondary wastewater) and 88% (for CWs treating DSW). Variable ortho-phosphorus (PO(4)(3-)-P) removal was attributable to different durations of operation, media types and loading rates.