HYDRODYNAMIC SIMULATIONS OF A CONSTRUCTED WETLAND IN SOUTH FLORIDA1

ABSTRACT: This paper describes the application of the SHEET2D model to the Florida's Everglades Nutrient Removal (ENR) Project. The ENR Project is a 3815 acre (1545 ha) pilot project, located in Palm Beach County. The operation of the treatment system will be used to demonstrate the performance of larger scale constructed wetland systems for removal of phosphorus from Everglades Agricultural Area (EAA) stormwater runoff. It is currently the largest stormwater wetland treatment system in the world. The SHEET2D model was used to analyze the performance of the ENR Project. SHEET2D is a two-dimensional, depth-averaged hydrodynamic model that is applicable to shallow water flow conditions. Subsequently, results from SHEET2D simulations were used to develop the ENEMOD model. ENRMOD is a lumped parameter box water quality model that can be used to analyze the long term performance of the ENR project with respect to hydrology and phosphorus uptake. Localized short-circuiting in the agricultural ditches within the project area was analyzed by using the RBFVM-2D model, which is a finite volume hydrodynamic model that is also applicable to shallow water flow conditions. The SHEET2D model was employed to simulate the hydraulics of the structures between cells and the hydrodynamics of the sheet-flow moving across the buffer cell and treatment cells. Collection, distribution, and larger discharge canals within the project were simulated by means of the MultiBasin Routing (MBR) model features that are built into the SHEET2D model. Constant inflows (75 to 600 cfs [2.1 to 17 m³/s]) were used in all runs to simulate the discharge of the ENR Project based on the proposed operating schedule for the outflow pump station. The model simulated 30 days to reach steady state conditions. Under steady state conditions, the hydraulic retention times were computed for the project and the split of flow between the two treatment trains of the entire project from the common buffer cell. Additionally, design components such as height of the levees, capacity of the structures, and hydrographs at specified grids were obtained.     

三江平原小叶章湿地H2S和COS排放动态

利用静态箱/气相色谱法,观测了生长季(5～9月)三江平原小叶章沼泽化草甸H₂S和COS的释放动态,结果表明,H₂S、COS的排放通量具有季节和日变化规律,小叶章沼泽化草甸H₂S的平均释放通量为0.34μg·(m²·h)^-1,COS的平均释放通量为-0.29μg·(m²·h)^-1;在生长季,小叶章沼泽化草甸表现为H₂S的源,COS的汇.小叶章的生长过程对H₂S、COS的排放影响显著,在小叶章生长旺盛期,H₂S出现排放峰值,COS出现吸收高峰,H₂S和COS的释放通量呈负相关.     

鄱阳湖南矶山湿地微塑料表面微生物分布特征

微塑料作为一种新型污染物在全球水生生态系统中普遍存在,其所引起的环境问题已成为近年来研究的热点.选取鄱阳湖南矶山湿地为研究区,湖泊湿地水体和沉积物中微塑料为研究对象,采集水体和沉积物及其中不同类型微塑料样品（薄膜类、碎片类和纤维类）,并利用高通量测序技术分析环境中和微塑料表面微生物群落结构和多样性.结果表明,环境中微生物丰富度和多样性与微塑料表面均存在明显差异,沉积物中微塑料表面微生物丰富度和多样性低于周围沉积物.环境中微生物群落结构与微塑料表面不同,鄱阳湖南矶山湿地水体和沉积物中细菌群落主要包括变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、蓝藻门（Cyanobacteria）、拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）和放线菌门（Actinobacteria）.与沉积物相比,沉积物中微塑料表面变形菌门（Proteobacteria）和厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）相对丰度显著增加.真菌群落主要包括担子菌门（Basidiomycota）、子囊菌门（Ascomycota）和壶菌门（Chytridiomycota）.与环境样品相比,微塑料表面担子菌门（Basidiomycota）相对丰度增加.相...     

WATER QUALITY TRENDS AT INFLOWS TO EVERGLADES NATIONAL PARK1

ABSTRACT: Water quality data collected at inflows to Everglades National Park (ENP) are analyzed for trends using the seasonal Kendall test (Hirsch et al., 1982; Hirsch and Slack, 1984). The period of record is 1977–1989 for inflows to Shark River Slough and 1983–1989 for inflows to Taylor Slough and ENP's Coastal Basin. The analysis considers 20 water quality components, including nutrients, field measurements, inorganic species, and optical properties. Significant (p<0.10) increasing trends in total phosphorus concentration are indicated at eight out of nine stations examined. When the data are adjusted to account for variations in antecedent rainfall and water surface elevation, increasing trends are indicated at seven out of nine stations. Phosphorus trend magnitudes range from 4 percent/year to 21 percent/year Decreasing trends in the Total N/P ratio are detected at seven out of nine stations. N/P trend magnitudes range from -7 percent/year to -15 percent/year. Trends in water quality components other than nutrients are observed less frequently and are of less importance from a water-quality-management perspective. The apparent nutrient trends are not explained by variations in marsh water elevation, antecedent rainfall, flow, or season.     

铁/锰矿基人工湿地脱氮除磷性能及机理

铁氧化物和锰氧化物均可在缺氧条件下介导氨氮(NH₄⁺-N)的氧化去除,这2项技术被称为铁氨氧化(Feammox)和锰氨氧化(Mnammox)。此外,金属氧化物对总磷(TP)也有去除能力,因此,在人工湿地中具有良好的应用前景。为比较铁矿基和锰矿基人工湿地的脱氮除磷效果,本研究建立了铁矿基人工湿地(CW-Fe)、锰矿基人工湿地(CW-Mn)和砾石对照组人工湿地(CW-C)3组人工湿地。结果表明,CW-Fe和CW-Mn的脱氮除磷性能均优于CW-C。尽管锰矿对NH₄⁺-N的吸附作用最强,但CW-Fe却表现出了更优越的NH₄⁺-N长期去除性能。在基质对NH₄⁺-N的吸附饱和后,CW-Fe对NH₄⁺-N的去除率仍有39.93%~62.4%,而CW-Mn只有29.15%~35.4%。由于铁矿和锰矿溶出的金属离子能与磷酸盐结合形成稳定的沉淀,从而有效去除TP,CW-Fe和CW-Mn均有优异的TP去除性能。CW-Mn的TP去除率最高,为95.26%,其次是CW-Fe,为79.97%。在微生物方面,具有还原铁氧化物和氧化NH₄⁺-N潜力的Bacillus和Exiguobacterium在CW-Fe中均得到了显著富集。结合水质数据及脱氮相关功能菌的分析,推测出Feammox中可能更倾向于将NH₄⁺-N直接氧化为N₂,而Mnammox则是更倾向于先将NH₄⁺-N氧化为NO_x⁻-N。本研究可为探索同步脱氮除磷的低能耗污水处理工艺及人工湿地中基质的选择提供案例参考。     

黄河三角洲芦苇湿地土壤有机碳储量沿盐分梯度的变化特征

以黄河三角洲芦苇湿地为研究对象,于2019年6月自海向陆沿盐分梯度采集土壤和植物样品,研究了不同盐度条件下芦苇湿地土壤有机碳含量和储量的空间分布特征及其与土壤属性和植物地下生物量的关系.结果 表明,黄河三角洲芦苇湿地100 cm深土壤有机碳储量为4.46～7.65 kg·m-2,平均值为6.24 kg· m-2.表层浓...     

基质结构对水平潜流人工湿地净化效果影响

为研究基质填充结构变化对人工湿地净化效果的影响,构建2个不同基质结构的对比水平潜流人工湿地实验系统,对城市污水处理厂出水进行深度处理。实验结果表明,1～7 mm石英砂均混填充结构人工湿地系统对COD、NH4+-N和TP的平均去除率分别为49.5%,40.1%和56.1%;比较而言,1～7 mm石英砂分层填充结构湿地系统对3种污染物的平均去除率分别为53.7%,60.4%和68.6%。方差分析表明,不同石英砂结构的人工湿地对COD、NH4+-N及TP的净化效果差异显著(p<0.05)。此外,不同水力停留时间条件下,基质填充结构不同的湿地系统对以上3种污染物的净化效果也存在显著差异(p<0.05),去除率随着水力停留时间的增加而升高,当HRT为36 h时,各系统均能取得较好的净化效果。     

ESTABLISHING PRIORITIES FOR WETLAND MANAGEMENT1

Wetlands provide a variety of ecological services, but are attractive sites for many development activities. Between the mid-1950's and mid-1970's about 550,000 acres, or about 0.5 percent, of the vegetated wetlands remaining in the conterminous states were converted to other uses each year. About 80 percent of these losses involved draining and clearing of inland wetlands for agricultural purposes. Recent reductions in national wetland conversion rates are due primarily to declining rates of agricultural drainage and secondarily to government programs that regulate wetlands use. Several governmental policies and programs exist that either encourage or discourage wetland conversions. Section 404 of the Clean Water Act is the major tool for Federal involvement in controlling the conversion of wetlands to other uses. The 404 program, in combination with State regulatory programs, is responsible for reducing annual conversions nationwide by about 50 percent of what is applied for, or 50,000 acres of wetlands per year, primarily through project modifications. Coastal wetlands are reasonably well protected. Inland, freshwater wetlands are generally poorly protected. Efforts to protect wetlands, given a set level of resources, could be improved by categorizing wetlands according to their relative importance and focusing existing wetland programs on high value wetlands.     

生物炭对Pseudomonas flava WD-3的固定化及其强化人工湿地污水处理研究

为确保寒冷地区冬季人工湿地的污水处理效果,采用从南四湖人工湿地底泥中分离纯化得到的一株低温菌Pseudomonas flava WD-3为研究对象,以水稻秸秆在300、500和700℃下炭化得到的生物活性炭为吸附载体,在6~8℃低温条件下,通过重复试验探索生物炭对微生物吸附固定的最佳时间及对污水的去除效率,并将最优的生物炭固定化菌剂投入到人工湿地中,探究菌剂投加量对污水处理效果的影响.结果表明,水稻秸秆生物炭最佳热解温度为700℃,对Pseudomonas flava WD-3的吸附固定化时间为24 h.生物炭固定化Pseudomonas flava WD-3在冬季人工湿地的最佳投加量为0.042 g·L~(-1),其对污水中COD、NH_4~+-N和TP的去除效率有明显的提高,分别为游离菌处理效果的1.03、1.15、1.14倍,且去除性能稳定.生物炭固定化Pseudomonas flava WD-3对污水中COD、NH_4~+-N、TN和TP的降解过程符合一级反应动力学模型.     

闽江口不同沼泽植被带土壤甲烷产生潜力的温度敏感性

2012年2月采集闽江河口鳝鱼滩短叶茳芏(Cyperus malaccensis),芦苇(Phragmites australis)和互花米草(Scirpus alterniflora) 3个典型潮汐沼泽植被带0~30cm(间隔5cm)土壤样品,在不同温度(10,20和30℃)进行15d室内厌氧培养实验,探讨河口区不同沼泽植被带土壤甲烷产生潜力及其温度敏感性(Q10值)的特征.结果表明,指数模型较好地拟合不同沼泽植被带土壤甲烷产生与温度的相关关系;温度由10℃升至20℃时,3个沼泽植被带土壤甲烷产生潜力Q10值的均值分别为5.04,14.92和14.81,最大值均在培养期间的第13~15d分别出现于10~15cm,15~20cm和20~25cm三个土层;温度由20℃升至30℃时,3个沼泽植被带土壤甲烷产生潜力Q10值的均值分别为3.56,4.99和3.43,最大值分别在培养期间的第4~6d,第4~6d和第7~9d出现于0~5cm,0~5cm和15~20cm三个土层;植被类型和土壤深度对甲烷产生潜力及Q10值均具有显著的影响(P<0.05).