CLIMATE CHANGE: POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND INTERACTIONS IN WETLANDS OF THE UNTTED STATES1

ABSTRACT: Wetlands exist in a transition zone between aquatic and terrestrial environments which can be altered by subtle changes in hydrology. Twentieth century climate records show that the United States is generally experiencing a trend towards a wetter, warmer climate; some climate models suggest that this trend will continue and possibly intensify over the next 100 years. Wetlands that are most likely to be affected by these and other potential changes (e.g., sea‐level rise) associated with atmospheric carbon enrichment include permafrost wetlands, coastal and estuanne wetlands, peat lands, alpine wetlands, and prairie pothole wetlands. Potential impacts range from changes in community structure to changes in ecological function, and from extirpation to enhancement. Wetlands (particularly boreal peat‐lands) play an important role in the global carbon cycle, generally sequestering carbon in the form of biomass, methane, dissolved organic material and organic sediment. Wetlands that are drained or partially dried can become a net source of methane and carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, serving as a positive biotic feedback to global warming. Policy options for minimizing the adverse impacts of climate change on wetland ecosystems include the reduction of current anthropogenic stresses, allowing for inland migration of coastal wetlands as sea‐level rises, active management to preserve wetland hydrology, and a wide range of other management and restoration options.     

复合垂直流人工湿地微生物特征对典型污水的响应差异

污水性质是影响人工湿地微生物特征的重要因子,而微生物对人工湿地污染物净化功能的发挥至关重要. 运用两组IVCW(复合垂直流人工湿地)分别处理模拟生活污水和污水处理厂尾水,比较研究两组系统下行流、上行流池的基质酶活性及硝化反硝化强度,并通过脂肪酸甲酯图谱分析系统中的微生物群落结构,以解析人工湿地微生物特征对两种污水的响应差异. 结果表明:处理生活污水的IVCW下行流池中脱氢酶、过氧化氢酶、脲酶及硝酸盐还原酶活性均显著高于其他单元,四者平均值分别为其他单元的2.8~4.6、7.9~10.3、19.3~41.7和4.5~10.8倍. 处理生活污水IVCW基质的硝化强度是尾水处理系统对应单元的1.4~5.3倍(下行流)和1.3~3.9倍(上行流),而两组IVCW对应单元基质的反硝化强度之间无显著差异. IVCW下行流池中特征脂肪酸比值及微生物群落结构受污水类型的影响较小,均以厌氧细菌和革兰氏阳性菌为优势菌;上行流池微生物群落结构则受到污水类型的一定影响,真菌的相对丰度较高. 两种污水对IVCW基质酶活性和硝化强度的影响高于对反硝化强度和微生物群落结构的影响.      

Performance assessment and microbial diversity of two pilot scale multi-stage sub-surface flow constructed wetland systems

This study assessed the performance and diversity of microbial communities in multi-stage sub-surface flow constructed wetland systems(CWs). Our aim was to assess the impact of configuration on treatment performance and microbial diversity in the systems. Results indicate that at loading rates up to 100 g BOD5/(m2·day), similar treatment performances can be achieved using either a 3 or 4 stage configuration. In the case of phosphorus(P), the impact of configuration was less obvious and a minimum of 80% P removal can be expected for loadings up to 10 g P/(m2·day) based on the performance results obtained within the first16 months of operation. Microbial analysis showed an increased bacterial diversity in stage four compared to the first stage. These results indicate that the design and configuration of multi-stage constructed wetland systems may have an impact on the treatment performance and the composition of the microbial community in the systems, and such knowledge can be used to improve their design and performance.     

西伯利亚鸢尾人工湿地对镉污染河水的净化研究

西伯利亚鸢尾是一种四季常绿的湿地植物,近年来常被应用于人工湿地工程中。以复合填料为净化基质,以西伯利亚鸢尾为湿地植物的垂直流人工湿地,用于处理模拟重金属镉(Cd)污染河水。研究植物的生长状况、Cd的去除效率、植物对Cd的富集量,以及Cd的去除分布,评估西伯利亚鸢尾垂直流人工湿地对Cd的净化效果。结果表明,当进水ρ(Cd)分别为1,3,6 mg/L时,人工湿地系统对镉的平均去除效率分别为93.3%、90.2%、92.1%;实验结束时,西伯利亚鸢尾地上部分Cd的富集量分别为0.28,0.61,1.41 mg/株,而地下部分Cd的富集量分别达3.48,10.81,19.4 mg/株。西伯利亚鸢尾具有较强的吸收和富集重金属的能力,且主要在根部。     

Groundwaters at Risk: Wetland Loss Changes Sources,Lengthens Pathways,and Decelerates Rejuvenation of Groundwater Resources

Wetland loss alters the hydrology of wetlandscapes in poorly understood ways. To quantify the effects of wetland loss on subsurface hydrology, a physically based hydrologic model that simulates the timing and pathways of subsurface hydrologic connections was coupled with wetland inventories over a 50‐year period during which substantial wetland loss occurred. The model revealed, based on vertical variations in saturated hydraulic conductivities, wetland loss of different degrees led to a contraction of catchment contributing areas to local surface waters but an expansion of contributing areas to the regional surface water body. This shift in groundwater contributing areas reflected (1) a decrease in baseflow contribution to the local surface water bodies, and (2) an increase in the transit time and length of subsurface hydrologic connections with an associated increase in the magnitude and age of baseflow discharging to the regional surface water body. The model also showed regions with thick permeable aquifers were particularly sensitive to the loss of wetlands. Our ability to predict these changes in hydrology of the watershed provides important support for designing science‐based policies to promote sustainable water resource management.     

Biota Connect Aquatic Habitats throughout Freshwater Ecosystem Mosaics

Freshwater ecosystems are linked at various spatial and temporal scales by movements of biota adapted to life in water. We review the literature on movements of aquatic organisms that connect different types of freshwater habitats, focusing on linkages from streams and wetlands to downstream waters. Here, streams, wetlands, rivers, lakes, ponds, and other freshwater habitats are viewed as dynamic freshwater ecosystem mosaics (FEMs) that collectively provide the resources needed to sustain aquatic life. Based on existing evidence, it is clear that biotic linkages throughout FEMs have important consequences for biological integrity and biodiversity. All aquatic organisms move within and among FEM components, but differ in the mode, frequency, distance, and timing of their movements. These movements allow biota to recolonize habitats, avoid inbreeding, escape stressors, locate mates, and acquire resources. Cumulatively, these individual movements connect populations within and among FEMs and contribute to local and regional diversity, resilience to disturbance, and persistence of aquatic species in the face of environmental change. Thus, the biological connections established by movement of biota among streams, wetlands, and downstream waters are critical to the ecological integrity of these systems. Future research will help advance our understanding of the movements that link FEMs and their cumulative effects on downstream waters.     

人工湿地污水处理系统中植物套种模式根际微生物多样性研究

采用选择性平板培养基法和PCR-DGGE法,比较研究了人工湿地污水处理系统中植物套种模式和无植物单元在不同季节和不同单元之间根际微生物多样性.结果表明,植物套种模式的根际微生物数量明显高于无植物模式,夏季明显多于冬季.在三级串联的处理单元之间,夏季根际微生物数量呈现＂少-多-少＂的变化规律,冬季无明显的变化规律.UPG...     

扎龙湿地表层沉积物多环芳烃的污染特征研究

利用索氏抽提、硅胶氧化铝净化和GC-MS定性和定量的方法研究了黑龙江省扎龙湿地12个表层沉积物中15种优控PAHs的环境行为,目的是阐明扎龙湿地表层沉积物中PAHs的污染水平、组成特征、污染来源和途径,评价PAHs对扎龙湿地水生生物的生态风险.结果表明,15种PAHs的总含量（干重）范围在31.9～290 ng/g之间...     

Effect of environmental factors on the effectiveness of ammoniated bagasse in wicking oil from contaminated wetlands

Ammoniated bagasse is a plant-derived organic sorbent that can be used for capturing oil and for supplying slow-release nutrients to oil-degrading microorganisms. We investigated the oil-wicking behavior of this sorbent under various conditions for its effectiveness in remediating oil-contaminated wetlands. Abiotic microcosms simulating a wetland environment were used to assess the influence of sand particle sizes (20× 30 and 60× 80 U.S. mesh), degrees of oil saturation (25% and 75%), water table levels (on top of the clean sand layer, oiled-sand layer, and sorbent layer), and the presence of sorbent. Results indicated that oil wicking favors higher oil contamination, larger sand particle size, and low water coverage. Water coverage was the predominant factor limiting the effectiveness of sorbent. The most plausible explanation for this limitation was that sorbent captured more water than oil at higher water coverage.     

煤矿塌陷湿地水体富营养化评价

以徐州某矿塌陷湿地为研究对象,通过对该矿塌陷湿地水体水质监测数据的分析,采用综合营养状态指数法（TLI）对该塌陷湿地水体的富营养化水平进行了评价。研究结果表明：①该矿塌陷湿地水体水质总体优于GB3838-2002Ⅳ类标准,TN和TP的平均含量分别为0.31 mg/L和0.024 mg/L,可达到Ⅱ类标准;②整个塌陷湿地水体的综合营养状态指数TLI为47.46,处于中营养状态,有向富营养化状态变化的趋势;③在水质监测数据的基础上,分析了水体营养状态变化的原因,并提出了针对该矿塌陷湿地水体的富营养化控制措施和建议。