纳米氧化锌、硫酸锌和AM真菌对玉米生长的影响

纳米氧化锌(Zn O)是应用最为广泛但具有一定生物毒性的金属型纳米颗粒(nanoparticles,NPs)之一,而丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM)真菌能改善宿主植物矿质营养和增强宿主植物抗逆性,但纳米Zn O和其他锌污染物之间的关系以及AM真菌对其生物效应的影响目前尚不清楚.通过温室盆栽试验,研究了单一或复合施加纳米Zn O、ZnSO_4(500mg·kg~(-1))时接种AM真菌Funneliformis mosseae BEG 167对玉米生长的影响.结果表明,纳米Zn O对AM真菌侵染和玉米植株生长有一定抑制作用,表现出植物毒性,且与同浓度(500 mg·kg~(-1))下的ZnSO_4作用类似.与非菌根对照相比,接种AM真菌降低了玉米植株的Zn含量或Zn吸收量,且在复合处理中对玉米生长表现出较好的促生作用.结果首次表明,纳米ZnO与ZnSO_4在生物毒性上存在复杂的交互作用,而接种AM真菌在二者复合污染时对玉米具有一定的保护作用.     

Effects of aerobic exercise on histopathology and toxicology of ZnO and nano ZnO in male rats

The effects of four weeks of aerobic exercise on histopathological and toxicological effects induced by nano ZnO and ZnO powders in male rats were evaluated. Tissue sections of liver and kidneys of ZnO and nano ZnO rats showed some histopathological changes, which were partly reverted by exercise. ZnO and nano ZnO treatments caused an increase in the level of tumor necrosis factor-α, while the mean of Interleukin 10 was declined. Exercise training enhanced the mean value of and declined mean level of in rats treated with ZnO and nano ZnO. The ZnO and ZnO groups demonstrated the highest means of insulin resistance, low density lipoprotein, cholesterol, triglyceride levels and lower mean value of compared to the other groups, while exercise resulted in improvement in mean of these factors.     

纳米氧化锌对羊角月牙藻毒性效应及其在藻细胞内外的分布

为研究纳米氧化锌(ZnO NP)的毒性效应及其在细胞内外分布,以羊角月牙藻(Selenastrum capricornutum)为模型藻类,研究了不同浓度ZnO NP对羊角月牙藻生长、叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白含量、超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)及过氧化物酶(POD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量及细胞内外ZnO NP含量变化。结果表明,ZnO NP对羊角月牙藻的生长抑制与处理浓度呈现正相关。在45 mg·L~(-1)ZnO NP暴露24 h后,其生长抑制率已达到95%。当ZnO NP处理藻细胞72 h后,羊角月牙藻细胞的叶绿素含量与处理浓度之间存在剂量-效应关系。低浓度(0.5 mg·L~(-1))ZnO NP处理后藻细胞可溶性蛋白质含量、SOD和POD活性明显下降,MDA含量升高,其产生的毒性效应高于高浓度组(5 mg·L~(-1)、45 mg·L~(-1))。细胞培养液溶出Zn2+量及藻细胞外吸附的ZnO NP量与ZnO NP处理浓度成正比,但是藻细胞内ZnO NP量与ZnO NP浓度没有相关性,胞内积累量基本维持不变。研究表明,各浓度组对藻细胞毒性的差异,不仅与细胞内Zn2+量有关,还与细胞外粘附的ZnO NP有关。     

Photocatalytic formation of hydrogen peroxide over highly porous illuminated ZnO and TiO2thin film

The photocatalytic formation of hydrogen peroxide over ZnO and TiO₂thin films has been investigated in aqueous phase in the presence of molecular oxygen as an electron acceptor. These films are highly porous and showed enhanced catalytic activity in the photochemical formation of hydrogen peroxide. The amount of H₂O₂formed during 2 hour light illumination is 4–6 μM and the rates of formation of hydrogen peroxide of both the films are almost comparable. The yield of hydrogen peroxide increases with the increase in irradiation time and a trend of steady state concentration of H₂O₂is observed in the case of TiO₂thin film. Photodissolution of ZnO particles is observed in some extent during the process of prolonged UV light illumination.     

Fe-Ni共掺杂ZnO/凹凸棒光催化降解废水中抗生素性能研究

以水热法制备了Fe-Ni共掺杂的ZnO/凹凸棒(Fe-Ni-ZnO/ATP)光催化剂,通过XRD和FT-IR对其结构进行了表征,考察了催化剂用量、溶液pH值、光照条件、抗生素种类等因素对催化剂降解抗生素性能的影响.结果表明,Fe-Ni-ZnO/ATP中,ZnO为六方纤锌矿结构,Fe主要以Fe2O3的形式存在,Ni2+取代了ZnO晶格中的部分Zn2+并造成品格缺陷,部分Zn2+进入了 ATP层间生成了Zn-O-Si键,实现了与ATP的复合,并促使其层间距增大.Fe-Ni共掺杂拓宽了催化剂的光谱响应范围和提高了其催化活性,当催化剂投入量为2.5 g/L、溶液pH值为6时,在可见光下反应90 min后,该催化剂对30mg/L的诺氟沙星降解率可达90.63％,并且,在相同条件下,该催化剂对其他两种抗生素废水的降解率均在80％以上,表现出良好的普适性.此外,该催化剂还具有良好的再生性能.     

Biochemical and histopathological ultrastructural changes caused by ZnO nanoparticles in mice

Five week-old mice were divided into a vehicle control group, and groups exposed to ZnO nanoparticles at low (0.5 g/kg), middle (1 g/kg), high (3 g/kg), and exceptionally high-dose (5 g/kg). After the first, second, third, and fourth weeks’ of exposure, blood biochemistry, histopathology, and electron microscopic ultrastructural changes in liver, kidney and spleen were investigated. Increased alkaline phosphatase activities were observed in all treated mice being statistically significant at higher dose. No changes were observed in the serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, and lipid levels. During the first and second weeks of the treatment, effects on the cytoarchitecture of liver, kidney, and spleen were not perceived while during the third and fouth weeks of treatment sporadic mild effects were seen. Ultrastructural electron microscopic changes in liver, kidney, and spleen were not observed for the low-dose group on the first, second, third, and fourth weeks, suggesting that exposure to ZnO nanoparticles at low dose is safe. Long-term (i.e., more than 28 days) exposure to the exceptionally high-dose resulted in sporadic changes in nuclear chromatin condensation, irregular nuclear membrane, polymorphic mitochondria, mitochondrial swelling, and vacuolation. ZnO nanoparticles could be well tolerated and no death occurred in any group of treated mice.     

全氟辛烷磺酸钾(PFOS)和纳米氧化锌(Nano-ZnO)单独与联合暴露对斑马鱼胚胎的氧化损伤和细胞凋亡的影响

探讨全氟辛烷磺酸钾(PFOS)和纳米氧化锌(Nano-Zn O)复合暴露对斑马鱼机体氧化损伤和细胞凋亡的影响。将斑马鱼胚胎暴露于PFOS(0、0.4、0.8和1.6 mg·L-1)、Nano-Zn O(0、12.5、25和50 mg·L-1)、PFOS+Nano-Zn O(0、0.4+12.5、0.8+25和1.6+50 mg·L-1)溶液中6天后,检测相关的酶活性变化(超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(Gpx)、脂质过氧化物(MDA)、半胱氨酸蛋白酶(Caspase-3和Caspase-9)和与细胞凋亡相关基因(Bax,p53和Bcl-2)表达情况。结果表明:PFOS和Nano-Zn O单独与复合暴露均可造成斑马鱼胚胎的氧化损伤和细胞凋亡,但复合暴露组的氧化损伤和细胞凋亡程度明显大于单独暴露组。在PFOS和Nano-Zn O单独和复合暴露组中,随着处理浓度的升高,SOD、Gpx、Caspase-3和Caspase-9酶的活性显著升高。而CAT酶活性随着处理浓度的升高抑制作用显著。PFOS与Nano-Zn O复合暴露组与单独暴露组相比,Bax和p53表达显著上调,而Bcl-2表达显著下调。因此,在实验浓度范围内,等毒性配比1:1条件下,推测NanoZn O可以增强PFOS对斑马鱼胚胎的氧化损伤和细胞凋亡毒性。     

Photocatalytic activity of ZnO films with micro-grid structure

A layer of zinc oxide (ZnO) micro-grid was deposited on the surface of ZnO film using the DC reactive magnetron sputtering method and the micro-sphere lithography technique on glass substrates. Samples of this layer were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and ultraviolet-visible light spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction showed the high crystallinity of ZnO film and the regular arrangement of the micro-grid. The microgrid ZnO has a lower specular reflection and a higher diffuse reflection, allowing incident light to reflect two or three times to enhance the usage of light. Photocatalytic degradation experiments on methylene blue using both ZnO micro-grid and ordinary film showed that the ZnO micro-grid has better photo-catalytic properties than ordinary film. The ZnO micro-grid enhanced the photocatalytic efficiency of ZnO film by 28% with a degradation time of 300 min.     

Photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange using ZnO/TiO composites

ZnO/TiO₂ composites were synthesized by using the solvothermal method and ultrasonic precipitation followed by heat treatment in order to investigate their photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange (MO) in aqueous suspension under UV irradiation. The composition and surface structure of the catalyst were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The degradation efficiencies of MO at various pH values were obtained. The highest degradation efficiencies were obtained before 30min and after 60min at pH 11.0 and pH 2.0, respectively. A sample analysis was conducted using liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization ion-trap mass spectrometry. Six intermediates were found during the photocatalytic degradation process of quinonoid MO. The degradation pathway of quinonoid MO was also proposed.     

Cellular uptake and mutagenic potential of metal oxide nanoparticles in bacterial cells

Extensive production and consumption of nanomaterials such as ZnO and TiO₂ has increased their release and disposal into the environment. The accumulation of nanoparticles (NPs) in ecosystem is likely to pose threat to non-specific targets such as bacteria. The present study explored the effect of ZnO and TiO₂ NPs in a model bacterium, Salmonella typhimurium. The uptake of ZnO and TiO₂ bare NPs in nano range without agglomeration was observed in S. typhimurium. TEM analysis demonstrated the internalization and uniform distribution of NPs inside the cells. Flow cytometry data also demonstrates that both ZnO and TiO₂ NPs were significantly internalized in the S. typhimurium cells in a concentration dependent manner. A significant increase in uptake was observed in the S. typhimurium treated even with 8 and 80 ng mL⁻¹ of ZnO and TiO₂ NPs with S9 after 60 min, possibly the formation of micelles or protein coat facilitated entry of NPs. These NPs exhibited weak mutagenic potential in S. typhimurium strains TA98, TA1537 and Escherichia coli (WP2uvrA) of Ames test underscoring the possible carcinogenic potential similar to certain mutagenic chemicals. Our study reiterates the need for re-evaluating environmental toxicity of ZnO and TiO₂ NPs presumably considered safe in environment.