全氟辛烷基磺酸钾(PFOS)和纳米氧化锌(Nano-ZnO)复合暴露对斑马鱼下丘脑-垂体-甲状腺轴功能的影响

全氟辛烷基磺酸钾(PFOS)和纳米氧化锌(Nano-Zn O)广泛存在于环境中,但是它们复合暴露对水生生物的潜在毒性机制尚未明确。本文探讨PFOS和Nano-Zn O复合暴露对斑马鱼下丘脑-垂体-甲状腺轴(HPT轴)毒性的影响。将斑马鱼胚胎从孵化开始暴露于PFOS(0.2、0.4、0.8 mg·L~(-1))、Nano-Zn O(6.75、12.5、25 mg·L~(-1))、PFOS+Nano-Zn O(0.2+6.75、0.4+12.5、0.8+25 mg·L~(-1))溶液中15 d后,分析幼鱼的发育毒性,体内的甲状腺激素(甲状腺素(T4)和三碘甲状腺氨酸(T3)含量和与甲状腺有关基因(CRF、TSH、NIS、TG和TPO)的表达情况。结果发现复合暴露组与单独暴露组相比,前者显著诱导了幼鱼的畸形率,降低了幼鱼的存活率,并抑制了幼鱼的体长。复合暴露组显著增加了幼鱼体内T3含量,同时抑制体内T4的含量。与单独暴露组相比,复合暴露组显著诱导了CRF和NIS基因的表达,同时抑制了TSHβ和TG基因的表达。而TPO基因的表达水平在单独和复合暴露组中没有显著差异。本研究首次证明了PFOS和Nano-Zn O复合暴露对斑马鱼幼鱼甲状腺轴的干扰效果并对其进行了机制探讨。     

Preparation and characterization of ZnO/ZnS hybrid photocatalysts via microwave-hydrothermal method

The photocatalytic performance of ZnO/ZnS hybrid nanocomposite was largely higher than that of the mere ZnO or ZnS nanoparticles, but the complicated procedure and misdistribution of final products limited its large-scale productions. The exploration of a novel synthesis route of ZnO/ZnS hybrid photocatalysts with high catalytic performance is becoming a crucial step for the large-scale application of ZnO/ZnS hybrid photocatalytic technique. Preparation and characterization of nanosized ZnO/ZnS hybrid photocatalysts were studied in this paper. The photocatalysts were obtained via microwave-hydrothermal crystallization with the help of sodium citrate. The products were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), particle size distribution (PSD), and Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The results indicated that so-synthesized ZnO/ZnS samples consisted of the high pure cubic (sphalerite) ZnS and hexagonal ZnO nanocrystallines with a narrow particle size distribution. The possible formation mechanisms of ZnO/ZnS nanocrystallines were mainly attributed to the superficially protective effect of citrate. The photocatalytic experiments demonstrated that the ZnO/ZnS photocatalysts exhibited a higher catalytic activity for the degradation of acid fuchsine than other monocomponents.     

水热反应时间对氧化锌半导体材料吸波性能的影响

目的研究水热反应时间对氧化锌吸波性能的影响,以获得高性能吸波材料。方法通过控制水热反应时间,制备不同形貌的氧化锌半导体材料,并采用XRD、SEM、TEM等表征手段,分析水热反应时间对氧化锌半导体材料形貌及结构的影响。利用矢量网络分析仪测定该材料在2~18 GHz频率范围内的相对复介电常数和复磁导率,采用MATLAB模拟分析不同厚度下水热反应时间对氧化锌半导体材料吸波机制及吸波性能的影响。结果当水热反应时间为12 h时,氧化锌在高频率处可达到较好的吸波效果,最大回波损耗可达?52.86 dB。结论通过控制水热反应时间,可实现对氧化锌的形貌进行调控,进而得到吸波性能优异的氧化锌吸波材料。     

Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of lindane using metal–semiconductor Zn@ZnO and ZnO/Ag nanostructures

To achieve enhanced photocatalytic activity for the degradation of lindane, we prepared metal–semiconductor composite nanoparticles (NPs). Zn@ZnO core–shell (CS) nanocomposites, calcined ZnO, and Ag-doped ZnO (ZnO/Ag) nanostructures were prepared using pulsed laser ablation in liquid, calcination, and photodeposition methods, respectively, without using surfactants or catalysts. The as-prepared catalysts were characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy, and photoluminescence spectroscopy. In addition, elemental analysis was performed by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The obtained XRD and morphology results indicated good dispersion of Zn and Ag NPs on the surface of the ZnO nanostructures. Investigation of the photocatalytic degradation of lindane under UV–vis irradiation showed that Zn@ZnO CS nanocomposites exhibit higher photocatalytic activity than the other prepared samples. The maximum degradation rate of lindane was 99.5% in 40 min using Zn@ZnO CS nanocomposites. The radical trapping experiments verified that the hydroxyl radical (·OH) was the main reactive species for the degradation of lindane.     

碳纳米管接枝聚乙二醇负载ZnO的制备与表征

利用聚乙二醇接枝的多壁碳纳米管（MWNT-g-PEG）作为介质,在低温下,通过溶胶-凝胶法在PEG修饰后的MWNT表面负载花瓣状的纳米氧化锌（ZnO）。通过X射线衍射、红外波谱、扫描电镜和透射电镜对MWNT-g-PEG/ZnO纳米复合材料进行表征和分析。结果表明ZnO纳米粒子和MWNT之间结合紧密,ZnO的尺寸比较均一,推测了ZnO纳米粒子在MWNT表面的生长机理。MWNT表面的PEG对ZnO的负载起着重要的作用,它是ZnO原位生长的活性点。     

微生物菌粉与菌液矿化固结Zn~(2+)的研究与对比

利用碳酸盐矿化菌在底物诱导下的酶化作用,分解产生碳酸根离子,矿化固结环境(土壤水体)当中的游离重金属离子,减少其危险。文章以Zn2+溶液模拟重金属离子污染体系,研究过程中发现,生产的矿化产物主要是ZnO.5(OH)62(CO)3。分别用菌粉和菌液进行微生物矿化试验,对矿化产物进行底物分解率,SEM,XRD,矿化粒径的对比研究。从对比研究结果看,菌粉复活后,可以达到与菌液基本相同的矿化效果。而菌粉相对于菌液而言,其主要优势在于能长时间储存,产品体积小,运输起来更方便,因此,菌粉具有更广泛的应用性。     

废催化剂再生后对甲基橙的吸附动力学研究

废催化剂为生产醋酸乙烯过程中产生的废弃物,经过热处理直接得到ZnO／活性炭。以ZnO／活性炭为吸附剂,进行了吸附水溶液中甲基橙（MO）实验,在优化条件下,实验浓度范围内甲基橙溶液的吸附去除率均高于97％,表明ZnO／活性炭适于吸附甲基橙。采用准二级动力学模型和粒子内扩散模型研究ZnO／活性炭对水溶液中甲基橙的吸附动力学,并计算得到动力学参数和相关系数。结果表明,两种模型较好地描述了实验数据,其吸附过程的速率控制步骤为膜扩散控制,并随溶液初始浓度的增加准二级速率常数降低,面内扩散速率常数增加。     

纳米ZnO对斑马鱼胚胎抗氧化酶系统的影响

为评价纳米ZnO的水生态毒性,以斑马鱼胚胎为受试生物,研究了纳米ZnO对其抗氧化酶系统的影响.结果发现,纳米ZnO能够降低斑马鱼胚胎谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量,抑制过氧化氢酶(CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,引起胚胎脂质过氧化水平增大,证明氧化应激是纳米ZnO抑制斑马鱼胚胎孵化的作用机制之一.     

Effects of Zn and ZnO nanoparticles and Zn2+ on soil enzyme activity and bioaccumulation of Zn in Cucumis sativus

The increased production and commercial use of nanoparticles (NPs), combined with a lack of regulation regarding their disposal, may result in the unwanted introduction of NPs to soils. In this study, the toxicity on soil enzyme activity and growth of Cucumis sativus treated with Zn or ZnO NPs was evaluated in pot soils. Specifically, C. sativus was cultivated in soils treated with Zn NPs, ZnO NPs or Zn²⁺ for eight weeks, after which the treatment effects on biomass and bioaccumulation were evaluated. In addition, the treatment effects on soil dehydrogenase, β -glucosidase and acid phosphatase were investigated. Soil enzyme activities were influenced by all treatments, with an especially large decrease in dehydrogenase activity in response to Zn²⁺ treatment. Biomass and root length also decreased in response to Zn²⁺ treatment. Finally, the Zn contents of C. sativus were much lower in the Zn NP and ZnO NP treatment groups than in the Zn²⁺ treatment group. Therefore, toxicity on soil microbial activity may have a greater influence than phytotoxicity due to immobilisation and aggregation of NPs in the soil.     

低温湿式化学法制备ZnO纳米棒阵列膜及其光催化活性研究

采用一种简单的低温湿式化学方法,即将预处理好的锌片直接放人5%甲酰胺水溶液中,在65℃烘箱中加热24 h,在锌片基底上成功制备出了大面积具有良好取向的ZnO纳米棒阵列.用XRD、SEM、DRs、PL等测试手段对其进行了表征.研究结果表明,ZnO纳米棒是六方钎锌矿晶,与基底垂直,具有沿(002)晶面择优生长的特征.另外,该阵列薄膜在379 nm附近发出强荧光,禁带宽度为Eg=3.28 eV.以自镇流高压汞灯为光源、以ZnO纳米棒为催化剂处理水中的甲基橙.结果显示,ZnO纳米棒的光催化反应为一级反应,表观速率常数与甲基橙的初始浓度有关.