Removal capacity and pathways of phenolic endocrine disruptors in an estuarine wetland of natural reed bed

Phenolic compounds are partly known as endocrine disruptors with various harmful effects including feminization and carcinogenesis at very low concentrations. Consequently, the pathways and removal of these compounds in natural and artificial sewage treatment systems such as wetlands have received wide concern. In this paper, a natural reed bed wetland with an area of 695 ha located in the Liaohe River estuary in Northeast China was employed as a demonstration site to study the retention and removal efficiency of phenolic compounds including 4-nonylphenol (4-NP), bisphenol A (BPA), 4-t-octylphenol (4-t-OP), and 2,4-dichlorophenol (DCP), and to evaluate their purification capacity via water and mass balance analyses during an irrigation period from May 9 to September 8, 2009. The results showed that the phenolic compounds could be retained in the wetland system and removed through various processes. On average, 27.5% of phenolic compounds could be retained by the wetland substrate during the initial three-day irrigation period with a retention capacity order of 4-t-OP > 4-NP > BPA > DCP. During the following 120 d irrigation period, the phenolic compounds could be efficiently removed with an average percentage of 91.6%. It is estimated that 1.76 kg d⁻¹ of phenolic compounds could be removed by the Liaohe River estuarine wetland (∼8 × 10⁴ ha). The reed bed wetland system therefore provides a feasible mitigation option for phenolic pollutants in sewage and wastewater.     

鄱阳湖湿地出露草洲分布特征的遥感研究

利用鄱阳湖区46景不同时相的Landsat MSS/TM/ETM+遥感影像,分别提取鄱阳湖的出露草洲范围,并假定只要一个时期是出露草洲就属于草洲,形成鄱阳湖湿地草洲潜在分布图,并分析鄱阳湖湿地出露草洲的分布特征。研究结果表明：(1)利用出露草洲面积与星子水文站观测水位得到二者的关系,表明出露草洲分布及范围受水位的影响显著,高水位时,大部分草洲被水淹没;低水位时,出露草洲面积大。此外,也受气象因素、草洲植物生长期的水位过程等因素影响;(2)出露草洲面积的季节变化明显：随水位的升高而减少,随水位的下降而增加;在植被生长期的春季和夏季,出露草洲面积逐渐减少,在秋季和冬季,出露草洲面积却逐渐增加;出露草洲面积最大在1月,最小在7月;(3)鄱阳湖潜在草洲的面积达2 441 km2,草洲可能出现的范围占整个鄱阳湖面积的69.5%     

Influence of vegetation on the removal of heavy metals and nutrients in a constructed wetland

A free water surface wetland was built to treat wastewater containing metals (Cr, Ni, Zn) and nutrients from a tool factory in Argentina. Water, sediment and macrophytes were sampled in the inlet and outlet area of the constructed wetland during three years. Three successive phases of vegetation dominance were developed and three different patterns of contaminant retention were observed. During the Eichhornia crassipes dominance, contaminants were retained in the macrophyte biomass; during the E. crassipes+Typha domingensis stage, contaminants were retained in the sediment and in the T. domingensis dominance stage, contaminants were retained in sediment and in the macrophyte biomass. Removal efficiency was not significantly different among the three vegetation stages, except for NH(4)(+) and i-P(diss). Because of its highest tolerance, T. domingensis is the best choice to treat wastewater of high pH and conductivity with heavy metals, a common result from many industrial processes.     

油气管道穿越西北干旱区湿地的环境保护

加强对西北干旱区湿地的保护,对整个地区的环境改善具有重要的意义。通过对西北油气产业发展的前景和当地湿地的特点与现状进行了分析,提出油气管网穿越湿地时应采取的环境保护措施、生态恢复方法。提出了湿地穿越工程应遵循的基本环境保护原则和相关建议。     

高校人工湿地系统的规划设计——以福建工程学院新校区为例

人工湿地处理技术具有投资低、出水水质好、耗能低、抗冲击力强、操作简单和运行费用低等优点。本文阐述了人工湿地系统应用于高校生活污水回收利用的意义,以福建工程学院新校区的北校区为例,利用前期在福州大学模拟人工湿地系统处理生活污水的实验数据,规划设计人工湿地系统,计算确定相关设施的面积和尺寸,并对人工湿地系统进行平面布置,绘制出系统流程的剖面图。     

不同回流比对无植物垂直流人工湿地除氮效果的影响

通过内碳源前置反硝化脱氮工艺试验,比较了不同回流比对垂直流人工湿地除氮效果的影响。试验结果表明,TN去除率随着回流比增加而增加,NH⁺₄-N去除率则随着回流比的增加先降低后增加的趋势,两者去除率之和以回流比200％为最高,以回流比150％次之,以回流比100％为最低。从TN的去除率来看,回流比150％略高于回流比200％。     

重金属锌胁迫下湿地植物对磷的吸收能力变化研究

选择4种常见的湿地植物,研究了重金属锌胁迫下,湿地植物对磷的吸收能力的变化。结果表明,当加入0.5 g ZnSO₄/kg 土壤时,4种湿地植物根表铁氧化物胶膜对锌的吸附量增加,而对磷的吸附量显著降低（p<0.05）;湿地植物根表铁氧化物胶膜上吸附的磷是湿地植物吸收的磷源,并影响湿地植物地上部分磷含量;在高浓度锌的胁迫下,灯心草地上部分铁含量增加,而导致地上部分磷含量显著降低（p<0.05）。湿地植物根表铁氧化物胶膜上的锌和地上部分铁含量都影响了湿地植物对磷的吸收。     

安庆沿江湿地景观格局变化及其驱动力

湿地具有重要的环境和生态功能,安庆沿江湿地自然保护区以其良好的自然性,正成为学术界关注的焦点和热点。基于1988、2006年两期TM遥感影像数据,借助于RS/GIS工具,获取安庆沿江湿地的景观斑块数据,运用Fragstats景观格局分析软件探讨了近20年来安庆沿江湿地景观格局的动态变化特征,研究结果表明：(1)安庆沿江湿地以湖泊和滩涂沼泽为主要景观类型;(2)研究期内湿地景观面积发生了较大幅度的缩减,各湿地景观类型间的动态变化较显著,以湖泊的萎缩变化最明显;(3)安庆沿江湿地景观在空间配置上趋于破碎和零散,景观斑块边界的复杂性程度和不规则程度在逐渐下降,形状趋于规整,景观类型结构和数量趋于均衡,景观斑块间连接程度有所降低。进一步探讨其驱动力因素,认为主要受到研究区内人口密度、农业开发活动、国家和区域政策法规以及湖区农户湿地环境保护意识等因素的影响。     

人工湿地对城市住宅区降雨径流中铅的去除效果研究

根据重庆市棕榈泉住宅区雨水径流处理人工湿地的进水特点和运行特点,考察了该人工湿地恒定负荷下对铅的长期去除效果和单场降雨冲击负荷下铅的去除效果。结果表明,住宅区径流中铅浓度随季节性降雨特征变化明显,主要以非溶解态存在。在平均HRT为56 h的日常进水负荷下,人工湿地对铅长期表现出明显而稳定的去除作用,平均去除率达到84.9%,去除负荷达到10.5 mg/(m2.d),出水浓度和去除率受季节变化影响不明显。铅浓度在人工湿地内沿程下降,湿地系统前端潜流床内的去除作用最为明显。在冲击负荷分别为7.3和8.7倍日常负荷、持续时间分别为1.5和2.5 h的两场降雨中,人工湿地铅平均去除率分别为73.22%和38.12%。人工湿地对暴雨高冲击负荷具有明显的缓冲作用,对铅的去除效果受单场降雨进水流量曲线、进水水质曲线以及雨前储存容积大小的影响明显。     

人工湿地技术在农村生活污水综合治理中的应用探讨

农村生活污水具有浓度低、成分复杂、生化性高的特点,以豫南某村人工湿地工程为例,介绍人工湿地组合工艺处理农村生活污水,并对污染负荷、湿地床结构、基质材料及植被选择、水力条件等设计参数进行分析。结果表明,人工湿地系统能够有效处理农村生活污水,操作管理简单,在我国农村具有很强的推广意义。