风化铬渣与新鲜铬渣中六价铬溶出特性的研究

采用直接淋浸法对风化铬渣及新鲜铬渣进行了六谷铬溶出的条件试验，60min的浸泡时间，80目以下的粒度对渣水比250g/200mL的新渣中Cr(VI)浸出率达69．4％，渣水比250g/200mL,500g/400mL,750g/600mL的风化渣中Cr(VI)的总溶出率分别为70．2％，86．3％，94．0％，其中第一次淋滤溶出率分别达48．1％，70．0％，81．6％，低PH值的淋浸水有利于Cr(VI)的浸出，在PH值为3时溶出率达高峰，Cr（VI）浸出质量比自然条件（近中性）高出14．1％－16．3％，增大管径和降低装置的滤面负荷可提高浸出效果，在直径80mm管径，500g铬渣装填料，滤面负荷9．95g/cm^2时，Cr（VI）溶出率达98．7％，真空抽滤可提高Cr（VI）浸出速率，但降低了滤液中Cr（VI）的浓度和溶出质量，上述试验结果表明了直接淋浸法回收铬渣中六价铬的可行性，并可作为工业化装置的设计参数。     

利蒙(LLMO)浓缩微生物菌在粘胶化纤废水治理中的应用

文中研究了利用投加利蒙菌对江西某化纤厂化纤废水的污水处理厂生化池进行改进,以期提高出水的CODCr与SS去除率,稳定出水水质。实验结果表明,利蒙菌在对粘胶化纤废水生化处理上的改进是可行的,对废水中CODCr,SS的平均去除率可比未投加提高56%,44%,其出水水质良好、稳定,其中ρ(CODCr)<40mg·L-1,ρ(SS)<50mg·L-1。     

多氯代甲烷对鳝鱼红细胞微核率及核异常率的影响

试验采用外周血红细胞微核测试技术,通过分析鳝鱼外周血细胞的核异常率和微核率,研究多氯代甲烷的遗传毒性和生态安全性.结果表明:①96 h后,质量浓度为3 mg·L-,30 mg·L-1和300 mg·L-1的CCl4和CHCl3污染所产生的核异常率分别为:5.38%和4.26%,9.62%和6.50%,12.18%和9.54%,表明CCl4对细胞异常率的影响大于CHCl3对细胞核异常率的影响;②96 h后,质量浓度为3 mg·L-1,30 mg·L-1和300 mg·L-1的CCl4和CHCl3污染所产生的微核率分别为:0.64%和0.40%,0.94%和0.55%,1.31%和0.95%,说明CCl4对细胞微核率的影响大于CHCl3对细胞核微核率的影响.表明用微核测试的方法分析环境中的污染物对生物体危害的程度是一种最便捷和有效的手段.     

扎龙湿地水环境质量分析与净化率研究

扎龙湿地是我国第一个以鹤类等大型水禽为主体的湿地生态型国家级自然保护区.它具有宝贵的动植物资源,对生态环境起着重要的调节作用.本文以扎龙湿地水环境为切入点,通过实测数据分析了扎龙湿地的水质状况并对影响因素进行了分析,同时对扎龙湿地的净化水质功能进行了研究.这对于改善湿地水环境,更好地维持湿地生物多样性,维护流域的生态安全和生产生活活动都具有重要意义.     

旅游环境容量及环境承载率研究——以武汉市东湖风景区为例

以武汉市东湖风景区为例,建立旅游环境容量指标体系,研究相关环境容量计算方法,最终得出各景区不同水质环境下的旅游环境承载率,并提出采取点源截污、面源污染控制和生态修复等措施。     

被保护层双重卸压特性研究

为探索复合煤层群保护层开采时在双重卸压条件下被保护层的不同卸压特性,采用物理相似模拟试验和计算机数值模拟来研究其双重卸压规律。对比分析被保护层的膨胀率和卸压率后发现:在双重卸压条件下,被保护层的膨胀变形呈现"M"形态,膨胀率在不同时空下表现出叠加特性;另外,煤岩体的弹性势能因受首采保护层的影响而释放,被保护层卸压率表现出卸压区域边缘不连续而卸压程度和范围均增加的特点。最后,现场测试计算得到被保护层的透气性系数,其变化规律证实双重卸压效果明显。     

低强度超声对短程硝化污泥活性的影响

为提高短程硝化反硝化脱氮效率,采用低强度超声对短程硝化反应进行强化,通过对比氨氧化率和亚硝酸盐生产量,考察低强度超声对短程硝化污泥活性影响。首先,通过对超声能量的优化试验,发现低强度超声能够提升短程硝化污泥反应速率,且超声能量为43.20 kJ时氨氧化率和亚硝酸盐生成量最大;然后考察超声能量与污泥浓度的关系。结果表明:1)在相同超声能量(43.20 kJ)条件下,随着污泥质量浓度(0.34~1.03 g VSS/L)增加,能量密度降低,反应速率不断提高;2)保持污泥浓度恒定,增加超声能量,发现在43.20 kJ时短程硝化污泥活性最好,氨氧化速率比对照组提高25.42%,继续增加能量后去除速率开始下降,原因是适宜的能量会增加微生物细胞壁和细胞膜的通透性,加快基质传递和反应速率,提高微生物活性,但当所施加能量超出其所能承受范围,则会对微生物内部产生损害,降低其活性;3)考察超声能量对胞外聚合物浓度和酶活性影响,在43.20 kJ条件下,多糖、蛋白质和胞外聚合物(EPS)浓度分别提高了18.32%、26.54%和22.05%,氨单加氧酶活性增加19.82%。研究表明,由于低强度超声作用加快胞外聚合物分泌,增加生物酶活性,进而促进了短程硝化污泥反应速率。     

Bicycle helmet effectiveness is not overstated

Objective: The objective of this study was to discuss the challenges in estimating bicycle helmet effectiveness from case–control studies of injured cyclists and to estimate helmet effectiveness from cases and available exposure data.

Methods: Data were extracted from studies of cyclists in Seattle; Victoria and New South Wales, Australia; and The Netherlands. Estimates of helmet use were used as exposure to compute relative risks for Seattle and Victorian data. Cycling distance data are routinely collected in The Netherlands; however, these data cannot be disaggregated by helmet use, which makes it unsuitable for estimating helmet effectiveness. Alternative controls were identified from larger cohorts for the Seattle and New South Wales cases.

Results: Estimates of helmet effectiveness were similar from odds ratios (ORs) using hospital controls or from relative risks (RRs) using helmet use estimates (Seattle: OR = 0.339, RR = 0.444; Victoria: OR = 0.500, RR = 0.353). Additionally, the odds ratios using hospital controls were similar when controls were taken from a larger cohort for head injury of any severity (Seattle: OR = 0.250, alt OR = 0.257; NSW: OR = 0.446, alt OR = 0.411) and for serious head injury (Seattle: OR = 0.135, alt OR = 0.139; NSW: OR = 0.335, alt OR = 0.308). Although relevant exposure data were unavailable for The Netherlands, the odds ratio for helmet effectiveness of those using racing, mountain, or hybrid bikes was similar to other estimates (OR = 0.371).

Conclusions: Despite potential weaknesses with case–control study designs, the best available evidence suggests that helmet use is an effective measure of reducing cycling head injury.     

三级AO耦合工艺低温污水处理脱氮机理

采用分段进水三级AO耦合流离生化工艺处理低温废水,在温度为（10±1）℃条件下,控制HRT为8h,进水流量分配比为3：2：1,污泥回流比为50%,考察耦合工艺对低温污水中污染物的去除效果、反应器内污染物变化规律、各级氮去除规律及系统硝化反硝化性能.研究表明：耦合工艺COD及NH₄⁺-N去除效率均超过90%,TN及TP去除效率达到80%,反应器内生物膜污泥浓度在400~800mg/L之间,系统各级NH₄⁺-N去除率均超过80%,缺氧反硝化脱氮率及好氧同步硝化反硝化脱氮率分别为50.15%和26.05%.受底物浓度及功能菌群数量影响,系统第二级比硝化速率及比反硝化速率均最高.     

The effect of dissolved oxygen concentration on long-term stability of partial nitrification process

Dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration is regarded as one of the crucial factors to influence partial nitrification process. However, achieving and keeping stable partial nitrification under different DO concentrations were widely reported. The mechanism of DO concentration influencing partial nitrification is still unclear. Therefore, in this study two same sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) cultivated same seeding sludge were built up with real-time control strategy. Different DO concentrations were controlled in SBRs to explore the effect of DO concentration on the long-term stability of partial nitrification process at room temperature. It was discovered that ammonium oxidation rate (AOR) was inhibited when DO concentration decreased from 2.5 to 0.5 mg/L. The abundance of Nitrospira increased from 10^11.5 to 10^13.7 copies/g DNA, and its relative percentage increased from 0.056% to 3.2% during 190 operational cycles, causing partial nitrification gradually turning into complete nitrification process. However, when DO was 2.5 mg/L the abundance of Nitrospira was stable and AOB was always kept at 10^10.7 copies/g DNA. High AOR was maintained, and stable partial nitrification process was kept. Ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) activity was significantly higher than nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB) activity at DO of 2.5 mg/L, which was crucial to maintain excellent nitrite accumulation performance.