温带阔叶红松林表层土壤活性碳、氮库的季节动态

以长白山温带阔叶红松林为观测对象,在植被生长季节对森林表层土壤进行连续性采样分析,以研究森林土壤活性碳、氮库的季节性变化特征及其影响因素。结果表明,不同季节土壤水溶性有机碳和硝态氮含量从高到低依次为春季、夏季和秋季,其变化范围分别为48～80和0.68～2.30μg.g-1。不同季节土壤水浸提溶液的特征吸光系数ASUVA,254和土壤铵态氮含量均表现为夏季高于春季和秋季,其变化范围分别为3.19～3.94 L.mg-1.m-1和6.1～12.0μg.g-1。在小时间尺度上,土壤活性碳、氮库对土壤含水量变化具有敏感性。水分条件和植物根系活动是影响表层土壤活性碳、氮库动态变化的主要因素,土壤微生物活动起调节作用。     

分光光度法测定大气颗粒物和柴油尾气中的砷含量

介绍了测定砷含量的分光光度法,该方法可以应用于大气颗粒物中的痕量砷的敏感性测定。测定、考察了北方城市大气中砷浓度及日变化规律,结果表明,分光光度法显色稳定,灵敏度高。将此方法获得的结果与原子吸收法所得到的结果进行比较,两者高度吻合。进行了柴油机动车尾气中砷含量的测定,结果表明,其尾气中含有一定量的砷。     

Treatment of tannery wastewater by electrocoagulation

Treatment of tannery wastewater by electrocoagulation with low cell current(≤1A)and soluble electrodes(mild steel electrodes and aluminum electrodes)was studied.Compared with aluminum electrodes,mild steel electrodes were more effective for the removal of sulfide,with a removal efficiency of over 90%.But during the treatment process,black color precipitate typical to iron(Ⅱ)sulfides was produced.While aluminum electrodes were effective to eliminate the colority of the effluent,the removal efficiency of sulfide was lower than 12%.The mechanisms of the removal of chemical oxygen demand,ammonia,total organic carbon,sulfide and colority with the two soluble electrodes(mild steel and aluminum electrodes)were discussed in detail.In order to exert the predominance of diffenent types of electrodes,the tannery wastewater was treated using mild steel electrodes first followed by the filter and finally by the aluminum electrodes,the elimination rates of chemical oxygen demand,ammonia,total organic carbon,sulfide and colority were 68.0%,43.1%,55.1%,96.7% and 84.3%,respectively,with the initial concentrations 2413.1 mg/L,223.4 mg/L,1000.4 mg/L,112.3 mg/L and 256 dilution times,respectively.The absorbance spectra and energy consumption during electrocoagulation process were also discussed.     

城市污水二级处理出水中不同种类PPCPs的臭氧氧化效果与机制研究

研究了臭氧氧化对城市污水二级处理出水中15种典型药品和个人护理品(PPCPs)的去除效果及O₃分子氧化和·OH自由基氧化的贡献.结果表明,PPCPs的臭氧氧化去除效果与其亲核官能结构特性相关,芳香胺结构为主的PPCPs易降解,烷基胺结构为主的PPCPs可部分降解,亲核特性较弱的双键为主的PPCPs难降解;在臭氧投加量为5.5 mg·L^-1条件下,这3类PPCPs的去除率为分别为大于95%、57%～68%和39%～57%.臭氧氧化过程中,O₃分子氧化和·OH自由基氧化均起重要作用.易降解PPCPs的氧化机制以O₃分子氧化为主,贡献率为82%～91%;可降解和难降解PPCPs的氧化机制以·OH自由基氧化为主,贡献率分别为48%～71%和66%～94%.二级出水中臭氧氧化过程中,UVA₂₅₄去除率可呈单线性或分段线性指示PPCPs的去除效率.     

Selective elimination of chromophoric and fluorescent dissolved organic matter in a full-scale municipal wastewater treatment plant

Effluent organic matter (EfOM) from municipal wastewater treatment plants potentially has a detrimental effect on both aquatic organisms and humans. This study evaluated the removal and transformation of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) and fluorescent dissolved organic matter (FDOM) in a full-scale wastewater treatment plant under different seasons. The results showed that bio-treatment was found to be more efficient in removing bulk DOM (in terms of dissolved organic carbon, DOC) than CDOM and FDOM, which was contrary to the disinfection process. CDOM and FDOM were selectively removed at various stages during the treatment. Typically, the low molecular weight (MW) fractions of CDOM and protein-like FDOM were more efficiently removed during bio-treatment process, whereas the humic-like FDOM exhibited comparable decreases in both bio-treatment and disinfection processes. Overall, the performance of the WWTP was weak in terms of CDOM and FDOM removal, resulting in enrichment of CDOM and FDOM in effluent. Moreover, the total removal of the bulk DOM (P < 0.05) and the protein-like FDOM (P < 0.05) displayed a significant seasonal variation, with higher removal efficiencies in summer, whereas removal of CDOM and the humic-like FDOM showed little differences between summer and winter. In all, the results provide useful information for understanding the fate and transformation of DOM, illustrating that sub-fractions of DOM could be selectively removed depending on treatment processes and seasonality.     

硝酸盐氮,亚硝酸盐氮总量紫外吸收快速测定

水体中尤其是海水中硝酸盐氮的测定较繁琐,干扰物质多,分析时间长,重现性差,准确性不高。文章通过实验介绍一种省时、省力、简便可行不消耗化学试剂且抗氯化物干扰、精度和准确度较高的硝酸盐氮、亚硝酸盐氮总量测定方法。     

Monitoring trihalomethanes in water by differential ultraviolet spectroscopy

Ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy is a valid surrogate for monitoring the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs). Sodium thiosulphate is commonly used to remove disinfectant residual. However, it produces interferences with absorbance in the UV region. Relationship between trihalomethane (THM) formation and differential UV absorbance (−ΔA _λ ) was explored in the presence of sodium thiosulphate. Chlorination of two synthetic and five natural waters was carried out. Sodium thiosulphate showed high UV absorption at 254 nm. This effect can be overcome selecting a higher wavelength. Optimum wavelength varied being about 290 nm for fulvic acid and 300 nm for humic acid type natural organic matter. Correlation between THMs formation and −ΔA _λ was linear for all the analysed samples. Regression curves do not pass through zero indicating the existence of a threshold absorbance decreasment. Once it is surpassed THM release begins. Chlorination of surface waters showed that the presence of bromide significantly increases THMs vs. −ΔA _λ slope. Furthermore, slope decreased with the aromaticity–hydrophobicity of organic matter.     

含油污水光谱特性的研究

含油污水对良好水环境构成了极大威胁,其含油量将直接影响污染情况.光学检测是测量其含油量的重要方法,光学常数则是其测量的基础.利用TU-19双光束紫外可见分光光度计测量了2 mm、10 mm厚含油污水样品光学腔在300~900 nm波长范围内的透射光谱,通过MC(Monte-Carlo)法和区间逼近法反演出含油污水样品光学常数,进而计算得到了含油污水的吸收光谱.结果表明:含油污水光谱特性明显,且在波长380 nm处存在吸收峰,其多数波长下的折射率约为1.2,而吸收指数在5×10-7~2.5×10-6之间.     

酪氨酸氯化过程中光谱变化特征及消毒副产物的生成规律

考察酪氨酸在不同投氯量条件下氯化后的余氯,紫外吸光度值和荧光光谱,以及消毒副产物对羟基苯乙腈(4-HBC)的生成特性。结果表明,随着投氯量的增加,余氯呈现先增加再减小再增加的趋势。在投氯量为0～0.5 mmolCl2/L时,增加投氯量可提高氯化后溶液的UV254、UV274和UV280值以及4-HBC的生成量,表明低投氯量时氯化可提高溶液中不饱和键的含量;而投氯量为0.5～1 mmol Cl2/L时,增加投氯量降低UV254、UV274和UV280值以及4-HBC的生成量,表明过量的氯亦可破坏溶液中的不饱和键。荧光光谱测试实验亦发现:在投氯量为0.05 mmol Cl2/L时,酪氨酸溶液氯化后的荧光峰强度明显增加,表明氯化可生成荧光强度较高的产物。过量的氯(0.5～1 mmol Cl2/L)则可破坏溶液中的荧光结构,降低荧光峰强度直至未检出。     

分层型水源水库溶解性有机物性质及其膜污染特性

利用激发-发射矩阵(EEM)荧光光谱和紫外吸收光谱研究了深水型水源水库热分层期溶解性有机物(DOM)性质及其膜污染特性随水深的变化.结果表明,水体热分层导致DOM质量浓度和性质也表现出分层特征.变温层受光化学降解影响较大,DOM质量浓度较低,同时受藻类等浮游植物分泌的内源有机物影响,DOM芳香度较低,类富里酸有机物(C1组分)和类腐殖酸有机物(C2组分)荧光强度较低,但类色氨酸有机物(C3组分)荧光强度较高;斜温层DOM受径流输入影响较大,DOM质量浓度和芳香度较高,C1和C2组分荧光强度较高.膜污染方面,变温层DOM造成的总污染最大,但可逆性较好,斜温层和等温层DOM造成的总污染较低,但可逆性较差;对超滤过程中不同荧光组分迁移的分析表明,超滤膜对C3组分截留率较高,但反冲洗对被截留的C3组分去除效果较好,而被膜截留的C1和C2组分较难被反冲洗去除.