混凝对二级出水中有机物分布特性的影响

以城市污水处理厂二级出水为研究对象,通过烧杯实验,确定了以三氯化铁(FeCl3)和聚合氯化铝(PAC)为混凝剂时两种混凝剂的最佳投加量,在此基础上采用XAD树脂分离技术和超滤膜法对水中溶解性有机物(DOM)进行分级表征,研究了混凝前后水中DOM的亲疏水特性、分子量分布规律以及比紫外吸收值(SUVA)和E4/E6(A465nm/A665nm)的变化.结果表明,当FeCl3和PAC投加量分别达到30 mg/L和60 mg/L时,可以使出水水质满足《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918-2002)中的一级A标准;FeCl3对含碳碳不饱和双键及芳香环的有机物的去除效果优于PAC;FeCl3对小分子有机物的去除效率更高,而PAC对分子量＞100 000的大分子有机物的去除效果优于FeC13;混凝处理对疏水性有机物的去除效果优于对亲水性有机物的去除效果,同时其对酸性物质的去除效率高于对非酸性物质的去除效率.     

Formation of Disinfection Byproducts (DBPs) in Surface Water Sources: Differential Ultraviolet (UV) Absorbance Approach

Chlorination for drinking water forms various disinfection byproducts (DBPs) of trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs). Chlorination has been attributed to the destruction of activated aromatic sites of the natural organic matter (NOM) predominantly at electron rich sites. Experiments with Istanbul surface waters showed that the magnitude of the decrease in the ultraviolet (UV) absorbance at 272 nm (UV₂₇₂) was an excellent indicator of destruction of these sites by chlorine. The main objective of the present study is to develop the differential UV₂₇₂ absorbance (ΔUV₂₇₂) related models for the prediction of the formation of THM, HAA, and their species in raw water samples from Terkos, Buyukcekmece, and Omerli lakes under different chlorination conditions. Significant factors affecting DBP formation in the raw waters were identified through numerical and graphical techniques. The R² values of the models varied between 0.94 and 0.97, indicating excellent predictive ability for THM₄ and HAA₉ in the raw waters. The models were validated using additional data. The results of this study concluded that addition of ΔUV₂₇₂ parameter into THM₄ and HAA₉ models make the prediction of these DBP compounds more precisely than those of DBP models developed in the past. A better understanding of these modeling systems will help the water treatment plant operators to minimize the DBP formation, providing a healthier and better drinking water quality as well as identifying strategies to improve water treatment and disinfection processes.     

含油污水光谱特性的研究

含油污水对良好水环境构成了极大威胁,其含油量将直接影响污染情况.光学检测是测量其含油量的重要方法,光学常数则是其测量的基础.利用TU-19双光束紫外可见分光光度计测量了2 mm、10 mm厚含油污水样品光学腔在300~900 nm波长范围内的透射光谱,通过MC(Monte-Carlo)法和区间逼近法反演出含油污水样品光学常数,进而计算得到了含油污水的吸收光谱.结果表明:含油污水光谱特性明显,且在波长380 nm处存在吸收峰,其多数波长下的折射率约为1.2,而吸收指数在5×10-7~2.5×10-6之间.     

煅烧结合光辐照提高纳米AgI/TiO_2的可见光响应

为提高AgI/TiO2的可见光响应能力,采用煅烧结合光辐照的工艺对其进行改性.紫外-可见光吸收分析表明,改性AgI/TiO2的敏感光谱范围覆盖了整个可见区,吸收边带从465nm红移至800nm,在500nm处的吸光度提高了近3倍.X-射线衍射分析结果指出,煅烧提高了金红石型TiO2的相对含量,导致禁带宽度从2.89eV降到2.81eV,氙灯辐照进一步增加了锐钛型TiO2、金红石型TiO2和AgI的相对含量,并生成了新的晶体AgCl,使其禁带宽度又降至1.55eV左右.AgCl的产生、AgI和金红石型TiO2相对含量的增加是降低改性材料禁带宽度和增强可见光响应能力的主要原因.研究还表明,只有煅烧后的AgI/TiO2才能通过光辐照来拓宽可见光敏感范围,而且,光辐照中起作用的主要是紫外光,可见光的作用甚小.研究最后提出将2种或2种以上的卤化银负载在纳米TiO2上,更能有效地增强TiO2的可见光响应能力.     

关于对水质分析中氨氮、总氮与总磷校准曲线的绘制与计算公式的探讨

本文从不同标液体积下的氨氮含量与校正吸光度、不同标液体积下的浓度与校正吸光度、不同标液体积下的校正吸光度与氨氮含量的一次函数关系中推导相关计算公式,让初学者灵活掌握与运用相关公式。     

Preparation, characterization, and photocatalytic activities of boron- and cerium-codoped TiO2

Boron- and cerium-codoped TiO2 photocatalysts were synthesized using modified sol-gel reaction process and characterized by X- ray diffraction （XRD）, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）, particle size distribution （PSD）, diffuse reflectance spectra （DRS）, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller （BET）. The photocatalytic activities were evaluated by monitoring the degradation of dye Acid Red B （ARB）. The results showed that the prepared photocatalysts were mixed oxides mainly consisting of titania, ceria, and boron oxide. The structure of TiO2 could be transformed from amorphous to anatase and then to rutile by increasing calcination temperature; the transformation being accompanied by the growth of particle size without any obvious change in phase structure of CeO2. The XPS of B1.6Ce1.0-TiO2 prepared at 500℃ showed that a few boron atoms were incorporated into titania and ceria lattice, whereas others existed as B2O3. Cerium ions existed in two states, Ce^3＋ and Ce^4＋, and the atomic ratio of Ce^3＋/Ce^4＋ was 1.86. When boron and cerium were doped, the UV-Vis adsorption band wavelength showed an obvious shift toward the visible range （〈526 nm）. As the atomic ratio of Ce/Ti increased to 1.0, the absorbance edge wavelength increased to 481 nm. The absorbance edge wavelength decreased for higher cerium doping levels （Ce/Ti=2.0）. The particles size ranged from 122 to 255 nm with a domain at 168 nm （39.4%）. The degradation of ARB dye indicated that the photocatalytic activities of boron- and cerium-codoped TiO2 were much higher than those of P25 （a standard TiO2 powder）. The activities increased as the boron doping increased, whereas decreased when the Ce/Ti atomic ratio was greater than 0.5. The optimum atomic ratio of B/Ti and Ce/Ti was 1.6 and 0.5, respectively.     

水质总氮在线检测的光谱数据校正方法

由于受光纤灯源光能波动和一些外界干扰的影响,微型光谱仪检测到的光谱数据存在波动现象,这将直接影响水质总氮在线检测的精确性。在采用均值法去除随机噪声干扰的基础上,针对光能波动的问题基于支持向量机提出了一种光谱数据校正方法,并建立了吸光度与浓度的线性关系。实验结果表明,该方法提高了光谱数据的稳定性,检测相对误差从校正前的12%提高到5%以内,满足水质总氮的分析测试要求。     

基于紫外吸收原理的硝酸盐在线监测传感器研制及应用

基于紫外吸收原理,研制了一种新型硝酸盐在线监测传感器。通过对硝酸钾标准溶液的测试,绘制了该传感器的标准曲线,利用传感器对几种实际水体的硝酸盐含量进行了检测,并和国标法进行对比,同时通过加标回收率、稳定性、重复性及最低检出限等实验,对传感器的性能进行了评估。实验表明,传感器和国标法测量值的相对误差小于10.0%,加标回收率为91.8%~126%,传感器稳定性和重复性实验的CV值(变异系数)分别为3.364%和3.043%,最小检出限为0.074 mg/L。结果表明,该传感器基本满足水体硝酸盐在线监测的需求,并且具有无污染、工作稳定、测量快速和准确的优势。     

2株反硝化聚磷菌的筛选及其影响因素

反硝化聚磷菌(DPB)是一种可以在缺氧条件下,同时完成反硝化过程和过量摄磷过程的细菌,筛选出耐盐高效反硝化聚磷菌对处理沿海地区废水有重要意义。以某污水处理厂中的成熟活性污泥作为菌种来源,采用常规的微生物分离筛选方法,结合吸磷实验、硝酸盐还原产气实验、异染颗粒染色和PHB染色实验,分离出2株反硝化聚磷菌qdcs18和qdcs28。通过分子生物学鉴定,确定了这2株菌属于假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.)。通过温度和pH实验确定了qdcs18的最适生长温度为28℃,最适生长pH为8.0;qdcs28的最适温度条件为30℃,最适生长pH为7.0。对这2株菌进行耐盐驯化的实验表明,在盐度条件为2 g/L时,经驯化后的菌株脱氮除磷率最高,均超过80%。反硝化聚磷菌经过驯化后,在高盐条件下能有很好的脱氮除磷效果。     

Drinking water production by ultrafiltration of Songhuajiang River with PAC adsorption

In recent years, membrane ultrafiltration （UF） of surface water for drinking water treatment has become a more attractive technology worldwide as a possible alternative treatment to conventional clarification. To evaluate the performance of ultrafiltration membranes for treatment of surface water in North China, a 48-m^2 low pressure hollow fiber membrane ultrafiltration pilot plant was constructed. Ultrafiltration was operated in cross-flow and with powdered activated carbon （PAC） adsorption. Turbidity was almost completely removed to less than 0.2 NTU （below Chinese standard 1 NTU）. It was found that PAC addition enhanced organic matter removal. The combined process of PAC/UF allowed to 41% removal of CODMn, 46% removal of DOC and 57% decrease in UV254 absorbance. The elimination of particles, from average 12000/ml in the raw water to approximately 15/ml in the permeated, was observed. When PAC concentration was below 30 mg/L, backwashing could recovery the membrane flux with backwash interval/backwashing duration of 1/30.