臭氧水杀灭模式微生物效果的试验研究

臭氧水对所选择的模式生物(大肠杆菌、不动杆菌)均有很强的杀灭作用。随着施加臭氧水剂量(浓度)的上升,模式生物的灭活率显著上升;在1 mL的大肠杆菌菌液中滴加2 500μL臭氧水就可以将浓度约为106 CFU/mL的大肠杆菌全部杀灭;在1mL的不动杆菌菌液中滴加1 750μL臭氧水就可以将浓度约为106CFU/mL的不动杆菌全部杀灭,而且杀灭细菌效果持久,均无细菌再生现象。大肠杆菌对于高浓度臭氧水的抗性大于不动杆菌,其灭活速率K值分别为0.192 min-1、0.279 9 min-1,Chick一级反应动力学模型能够体现出大肠杆菌、不动杆菌的灭活特性,所得结论与实验结果一致。     

Physical characteristics of conditioned anaerobic digested sludge - A fractal,transient and dynamic rheological viewpoint

The changes in the physical characteristics of unconditioned and conditioned anaerobic digested sludge (ADS) biosolids,such as capillary suction time (CST),yield stress,average size and fractal dimensions,were investigated through a CST test,transient and dynamic rheological test and image analysis.The results showed that the optimum polymer dose range was observed when CST or its reciprocal value was employed as an indicator.There were good correlations between the yield stresses determined from both a controlled shear stress test and a strain amplitude sweep test.The yield stress and storage modulus (G') increased as the polymer dose increased in most cases.A frequency sweep test revealed that polymer conditioning could extend the frequency sweep ranges for their elastic behaviors over viscous behaviors as well as the gel-like structure in the linear viscoelastic range.These results implied that more deformation energy was stored in this rigid structure,and that elastic behavior became increasingly dominant with the addition of the polymer in most cases.In addition,both the average sizes and two-dimensional fractal dimensions for conditioned ADS biosolids presented a similar up-climax-down variation trend as the polymer doses increased,whereas the critical polymer doses at the highest average sizes or two-dimensional fractal dimensions,were different.Correlation analysis revealed that the conditioned ADS dewaterability was not correlated with the yield stresses,while the average sizes or the two-dimensional fractal dimensions for conditioned ADS biosolids could be taken as the indication parameters for ADS dewaterability.     

紫外消毒系统有效辐射剂量测试方法研究进展

近年来,紫外消毒技术在水处理领域的应用越来越广泛,然而关于其辐射剂量的测试方法在国内外的发展还较为缓慢,特别是目前国内还没有机构能够采用标准的生物剂量法来对紫外消毒系统内部的有效辐射剂量进行验证. 因此介绍了国际上几种主要的紫外剂量测试方法,包括生物剂量法、化学法和模型计算法,并分析了各自的优缺点和应用中存在的问题,同时探讨了几种新开发的测试方法及其应用前景,以期为紫外消毒技术在水处理领域的推广应用提供支持.     

风险污染物短期高剂量暴露下的生态风险评估方法

水污染事故的短期高剂量暴露造成的急性生态危害及水生生物安全问题成为人们研究的重点,但我国以往的水污染事故,多采用地表水环境质量标准和生活饮用水卫生标准来判断水体是否安全,缺乏对水生生物保护的安全效应阈值或风险值.国外在水生生物保护方面,虽然限定了一些风险污染物对水生生物的安全效应阈值或称为无效应阈值或风险值,但其无效应阈值的计算是基于长期暴露下的慢性毒性值,其生态风险值也是基于长期暴露下的风险,缺少对水污染事件短期高剂量暴露下化学品的阈值限定及风险评估.本研究结合常规生态风险评价的理念及美国EPA短期暴露情况下保护水生生物基准值的制定方法,探讨了水污染事件的短期高剂量暴露情况下风险污染物的生态风险评价及生态效应阈值的计算方法,并进行了实例应用,同时对建立我国水污染事故生态风险评估方法体系提出了建议.     

利用络合铜控制水华优势藻的试验研究

试验研究了络合铜对蓝藻水华优势藻铜绿微囊藻和绿藻水华优势藻普通小球藻的杀藻抑藻效果。试验结果表明,络合铜对铜绿微囊藻的抑制作用优于对小球藻的抑制作用。当投加1mg/L以上络合铜络合时对铜绿微囊藻有很好的杀灭作用,但投加浓度提高到5mg/L时才能有效抑制普通小球藻的生长。同时还开展了络合铜对青鳉鱼的急性毒性试验,得出了络合铜的半致死浓度分别为24hLC50=8.5mg/L;48hLC50=5.7mg/L;96hLC50=3.9mg/L。     

淮安市环境γ辐射剂量率水平监测

本文介绍了2007年～2009年淮安市环境γ辐射剂量率水平监测方法和结果。     

Replace the NOAEL and LOAEL with the BMDL01 and BMDL10

Although benchmark-dose methodology has existed for more than 20 years, benchmark doses (BMDs) still have not fully supplanted the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) and lowest-observed-adverse-effect level (LOAEL) as points of departure from the experimental dose–response range for setting acceptable exposure levels of toxic substances. Among the issues involved in replacing the NOAEL (LOAEL) with a BMD are (1) which added risk level(s) above background risk should be targeted as benchmark responses (BMRs), (2) whether to apply the BMD methodology to both carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic toxic effects, and (3) how to model continuous health effects that aren’t observed in a natural risk-based context like dichotomous health effects. This paper addresses these issues and recommends specific BMDs to replace the NOAEL and LOAEL.

土壤水分对稻田土壤有效砷及碱性磷酸酶活性影响

采用室内模拟方法,在35%、65%和110%最大饱和持水量（WHC）条件下,系统地分析了稻田土壤有效砷及碱性磷酸酶活性变化规律.结果表明：砷污染稻田土壤后有效砷含量随砷污染浓度增加而增大,随培养时间延长逐渐降低,15d后趋于稳定;淹水降低了土壤有效砷含量及碱性磷酸酶活性;采用U=A/（1+B×C）模型较好拟合了不同水分下土壤碱性磷酸酶活性（U）与砷浓度（C）关系,表明碱性磷酸酶活性在一定程度上可表征不同水分下稻田土壤砷污染程度;计算得到稻田土壤砷轻度污染临界浓度（ED₁₀）为总砷67mg/kg和有效砷11mg/kg.研究表明适当调控土壤水分含量是控制稻田土壤砷毒性的有效方法之一.     

Effects of carbaryl on the aminotransferases in the mid gut of blister beetle,Mylabris pustulata (Thunb)

The activity levels of aminotransferases such as alanine aminotransferases (AlAT), aspartate aminotransferases (AAT), isoleucine aminotranferases (IlAT), leucine aminotransferases (LAT), valine aminotrasferases (VAT) were measured in the mid gut of the blister beetle; Mylabris pustulata (Thunb) exposed to sublethal doses of carbaryl. The insecticide markedly inhibited the activity levels of all aminotransferases exposed for either short or prolonged treatments. The beetles regained normal enzymic activity after withdrawal from the treatment. It is possible that chronic exposures of beetles to carbaryl may induce impairment in protein synthesis in the mid gut of the beetle.     

Tools for an enhanced solvent properties screening in the early stages of pharmaceutical process development

The objective of this research was the implementation of tools for the evaluation of solvents trough property screening in the early stages of process development. An important feature of the tools is that the implementation of indexes, scores, or weights is avoided. Information already available from the literature was stored in a database in order to turn raw data into decision making information. As a result, a solvent radar chart, a solvent representation table, and a solvent telescopying tool were developed in an ASP.NET application. The synthesis of Propranolol was used as study case in order to explore the selection of solvents in the early stages of process development. The replacement of diethyl ether was possible in the extraction step, while solvent choices were detected for potential telescoping for extraction and crystallisation steps. Solubility was found as a critical parameter in telescoping analysis. The methodology proposed enhanced the view towards a more holistic perspective and a more robust solvent screening process. As a consequence, the next steps into solvent evaluation and process development can be reduced.