化学填料塔工艺净化恶臭废气的研究

城市污水处理厂的恶臭污染已经引起越来越多的关注.介绍了城市污水处理厂的主要恶臭气体.采用氢氧化钠溶液和酸性氧化剂溶液作吸收剂,恶臭气体氨、硫化氢、甲硫醇通过二级吸收塔被吸收,气体达GB14554-93(二级)标准后排放.     

Methods Currently Used in Testing Microbiological Degradation and Deterioration of a Wide Range of Polymeric Materials with Various Degree of Degradability: A Review

Biodegradation of polymeric materials affect a wide range of industries, information on degradability can provide fundamental information facilitating design and life-time analysis of materials. Among the methods currently used in testing, traditional gravimetric and respirometric techniques are tailored to readily degradable polymeric materials mostly and polymer blends with biodegradable components, but they are not applicable to the new generation of engineering polymers which are relatively resistant to biodegradation. However, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) has been tested for monitoring biodeterioration of high strength materials and the technique has very high sensitivity. A wide range of materials including electronic insulation polyimides, fiber-reinforced polymeric composites (FRPCs) and corrosion protective polyurethane coatings have been successfully measured under inoculation of degradative microorganisms using EIS. In addition, the mechanism of degradation of high strength polymers is mainly due to the presence of plasticizers in the polymer matrices. The information on various methods discussed in this review is intended to illustrate a suite of methods for those who are interested in testing biodeterioration of polymeric materials under different environmental conditions and in selecting appropriate techniques for specific applications.     

A Sensitive Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Method for Detection of Polyimide Degradation by Microorganisms

An electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) technique was evaluated for monitoring microbial degradation of electronic packaging polyimides. The microbial inoculum was a mixed culture of fungi isolated previously from deteriorated polyimides. The active fungal consortium comprised Aspergillus versicolor, Cladosporium cladosporioides, and a Chaetomium species. After inoculation, fungal growth on the polyimides resulted in distinctive EIS spectra indicative of polymer insulation failure, which directly related to polymer integrity. Degradation appeared to occur in a number of steps and two distinctive stages in the decline of film resistance were observed in the inoculated EIS cells within the 2 and 10 weeks after inoculation. The early stage of resistance decrease may be related to the ingress of water molecules and ionic species into the polymeric materials, whereas the second stage probably resulted from partial degradation of the polymers by fungal growth on the polymer film. The relationship between changes of impedance spectra and microbial degradation of the polymer was further supported by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations of fungi growing on the surface of the inoculated polyimides. Our data indicate that the EIS can be used in detection of early degradation of resistant polymers and polyimides that are susceptible to biodeterioration.     

铝塑包装废物的热解特性研究

利用热重-差热-傅立叶变换红外光谱联用仪对铝塑包装废物热解特性进行分析,并对物料性质、纸质存在对热解过程的影响进行研究. 结果表明:铝塑包装废物热解主要发生于438～500 ℃,最大失重速率出现在470～475 ℃;产物中主要是—C—C—以及少量的—CC—与芳香烃;反应温度由50 ℃升至850 ℃,铝塑包装废物依次经历聚乙烯熔融软化、热解,铝熔融,铝与焦状物反应等过程;铝塑包装废物中含纸质时,在312.4～363.2 ℃增加了一个失重过程,同时高温时的热解反应更为复杂.      

巢湖水体固有光学特性研究

水体的固有光学特性是描述水体辐射传输的基本光学特性,是建立水质参数遥感模型的基础.黄色物质、非色素悬浮物和浮游植物是影响内陆水体光学特性的3种主要物质,对巢湖水体中这3种物质在波长为400～800 nm的吸收系数进行了测量和分析.结果表明,各组分的吸收系数随其含量的增加而增加;黄色物质和非色素悬浮物的吸收系数随波长的增加呈负指数形式递减;浮游植物吸收光谱的形状与不同藻类的色素组成密切相关.绿色到近红外波段范围是遥感监测内陆水质参数的最佳波段.      

EDTA对2种芥菜型油菜幼苗富集Pb的效应

采用水培试验,研究了乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)对Pb胁迫下2种芥菜型油菜(BrassicajunceaCzern.etCoss.)幼苗生长及富集Pb的效应.结果表明,单独用0.5和1.0mmol/LPb或EDTA处理可显著抑制植株的生长.与单独处理相比,Pb和EDTA复合处理可以降低各自的生物毒性.当Pb和EDTA等浓度复合处理时,植株生物量与对照植株无明显差异,说明游离态Pb或EDTA对幼苗具有毒害作用,而螯合态Pb-EDTA基本不具有生物毒性.EDTA处理促进Pb从根系向地上部运输,促进Pb在地上部积累.当c(EDTA)/c(Pb)为1/2时,地上部铅积累总量达到最高.随c(EDTA)的增加,根系铅积累总量反而下降.2个芥菜型油菜品种对EDTA的处理效应表现极为相似,生物量大的品种具有较高的Pb积累总量.      

基于甲烷氧化菌的城镇污水厂尾水极限脱氮系统构建及机制

好氧甲烷耦合反硝化（AME-D）在城镇污水厂尾水深度脱氮方面具有巨大的应用潜力,研究采用改良型反硝化生物滤池,利用低浓度甲烷构建出AME-D极限脱氮系统.研究发现该系统在间歇式运行方式下,出水中总氮和氨氮的平均浓度能达到1.05 mg·L^-1和0.54 mg·L^-1,其平均去除率分别为94.77%和93.30%.拉曼光谱分析结果显示,由NO₃^-对称伸缩引起的峰明显消失,由醇COH面外弯曲或C—H面外弯曲振动吸收引起峰明显增强,甲烷被氧化形成的中间产物可能主要为醇类物质.16S rRNA基因测序结果表明,系统中的甲烷氧化菌主要为Methylocystis（0.27%）、Methylosarcina（0.10%）和Methyloparacoccus（0.12%）,反硝化菌主要为Pseudomonas（56.92%）、Paenibacillus（3.52%）和Lysinibacillus（3.00%）,硝化菌主要为Nitrospira（0.1%）,说明AME-D极限脱氮系统的脱氮功能是由好氧甲烷氧化菌、反硝化菌和硝化菌协同实现.     

厌氧发酵沼气提纯技术研究进展

厌氧消化产生的沼气主要成分是甲烷(CH4)50%～70%和二氧化碳(CO2)30%～50%,是一种可持续有价值的能量来源。随着矿石燃料的枯竭,沼气利用的需求不断增长,将沼气提纯到甲烷含量90%以上可取代天然气而受到广泛关注。目前沼气提纯在工业上主要通过变压吸附、吸收或膜分离等技术实现CO2的去除,也有研究者探索了原位沼气提纯技术,即在厌氧反应器中通过一定的措施实现沼气提纯,为现阶段沼气提纯技术提供新的思路和研究方向。     

Flocculating characteristic of activated sludge flocs: Interaction between Al3+ and extracellular polymeric substances

Aluminum flocculant can enhance the flocculating performance of activated sludge.However,the binding mechanism of aluminum ion(Al 3+) and extracellular polymeric substances(EPS) in activated sludge is unclear due to the complexity of EPS.In this work,threedimensional excitation emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy(3DEEM),fluorescence quenching titration and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR) were used to explore the binding behavior and mechanism between Al 3+ and EPS.The results showed that two fluorescence peaks of tyrosineand tryptophan-like substances were identified in the loosely bound-extracellular polymeric substances(LB-EPS),and three peaks of tyrosine-,tryptophanand humic-like substances were identified in the tightly boundextracellular polymeric substances(TB-EPS).It was found that these fluorescence peaks could be quenched with Al 3+ at the dosage of 3.0 mg/L,which demonstrated that strong interactions took place between the EPS and Al 3+.The conditional stability constants for Al 3+ and EPS were determined by the Stern-Volmer equation.As to the binding mechanism,the-OH,N-H,C=O,C-N groups and the sulfurand phosphorus-containing groups showed complexation action,although the groups in the LB-EPS and TB-EPS showed different behavior.The TB-EPS have stronger binding ability to Al 3+ than the LB-EPS,and TB-EPS play an important role in the interaction with Al 3+.     

微波消解ICP—OES法同时测定总悬浮颗粒物中多种重金属

采用微波消解前处理与电感耦合等离子光谱联用技术,初步建立了一套大气总悬浮颗粒物（TSP）中重金属元素的检测方法。研究了不同的滤膜材料、消解方式、波长选择等对分析方法的影响。用所建立的方法测定长沙市火车站采集的大气总悬浮颗粒物中的重金属As、Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Mn、Mo、Ni、Pb、Zn的含量,检测结果令人满意。最低检出浓度为0．0001～0．005μg／m2,相对标准偏差为0．9％～11．4％,加标回收率为90．9％～106．7％。