Structuring pelagic trophic networks from the biomass size spectra

The selection and establishment of the structure (number and compartments, aggregation criteria, and trophic links) of the food webs is a critical task in trophic modelling. The present work proposes a systematic method to structure trophic networks in pelagic food webs. The biomass-size spectrum (BSS) is a well-established approach to analyze the structure of pelagic communities, and the body size is especially related to the ecological role of the organisms in the pelagic environment. To structure food webs, this work uses detailed arrangements of the community in size classes with increasing widths (like Sheldon-type BSS) as first aggregation criteria, and BSS theory as a framework to integrate the available knowledge about feeding selectivity in order to obtain a method to identify the trophic links between compartments. Diet composition matrices were estimated through the combination of a probability of encounter for each food type and a specific probability of ingestion related to the food size selectivity and other food quality characteristics (e.g., morphology and nutritional quality). The feasibility of this approach has been illustrated through data of size-structured communities extracted from the literature including different planktonic predator guilds (nanoflagellates, cladoceran-dominated zooplankton and copepod-dominated zooplankton) in a high mountain lake (La Caldera, Spain), two subtropical wetland lakes (meso-oligotrophic Laguna Galarza and eutrophic Laguna Iberá, Argentina) and a marine microcosm (Alborán Sea, Mediterranean). The identification of “who eats whom” and “by how much” also allows for more accurate analyses of the trophic control in the BSS. Extensive analyses of the balance between top-down and bottom-up controls were developed for the feeding interactions of the study cases.     

Multifractal characteristics of cylindrical sludge drying

This paper analyzes dewatered sludge drying using the multifractal theory. The drying rates of cylindrical sludge with equal masses but different cross-sectional diameters was studied, from which multifractal parameters such as partition function and quality exponent were obtained. The parameters acquired were used to calculate the multifractal singularity spectrum and indicate the presence of multifractal characteristics. The smaller cross-sectional diameters of the sludge were found to be non-homogeneous, and required quantitative methods to analyze.     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定烟囱烟灰中的铊

提出了火焰原子吸收光谱法测定冶炼厂烟囱烟灰中铊的分析方法。试验表明:方法检测限(3σ)为0 11mg/L,回收率在92%～103%之间,相对标准差<3%,方法简便快速。     

假单胞菌DN-1再生NO络合吸收液的特性

Fe^Ⅱ(EDTA)络合吸收脱除NO吸收速率快,吸收容量大,但是存在吸收液再生方面的缺陷.实验用自行分离得到的假单胞菌DN-1,将吸收液中的Fe^Ⅱ(EDTA)NO还原为N₂而进行再生.考察了不同碳源种类、碳源量、菌种量、pH值、温度、络合物浓度等条件下该菌种对Fe^Ⅱ(EDTA)NO的还原情况.结果表明,葡萄糖比醋酸钠、柠檬酸三钠和乙醇等更适合于作为该体系的外加碳源.当Fe^Ⅱ(EDTA)NO浓度为6.50 mmol·L^-1时,添加250 mg·L^-1的葡萄糖就能满足微生物的反应需要;DN-1还原适宜温度范围为40～45℃,适宜pH值为6.9～7.2;还原速率随菌体接种量的增多而加快;而Fe^Ⅱ(EDTA)NO浓度小于11.8 mmol·L^-1时,还原速率随着络合物浓度的增加而增加;超过这一浓度,还原速率不再随络合物浓度的增加而增加,反应速率基本不变.     

脱硫反应器及其应用

脱硫反应器是脱硫工艺的核心装置 ,其技术和脱硫指标将制约和决定脱硫工艺的效率。在分析中 ,比较全面地介绍和比较了近年来主要的烟气脱硫反应器设备和研究成果及应用情况 ,指出了脱硫反应器的发展方向     

三峡库区流域藻类生长与营养盐吸收关系

根据三峡库区流域的实测数据和描述富营养污染流域中水华暴发强非线性耦合动力学模型中的控制函数,研究了缓流态水体环境中藻类生长的内在机制,并以长江三峡流域优势藻类,即绿藻的生长为例,较为系统地研究了藻类生长对N、P的吸收与水体中N、P浓度之间存在的强相互作用;藻类对营养物的吸收率ω_i与水体中营养物浓度c_x的比值(ω_i/c_x)不仅反映出三峡水域中藻类浓度对藻类吸收营养物程度的影响,而且在藻类生长与吸收各种营养成分之间还存在明显的关联性.     

盆栽条件下常见蔬菜对污染土壤中铀的吸收

通过盆栽实验,研究了胡萝卜、生菜、马铃薯、豌豆4种蔬菜在人工铀污染土壤中的种植情况。结果表明蔬菜吸收铀的能力不同,相同条件下的4种蔬菜可食用部位中铀含量大小顺序为:土豆>生菜叶>胡萝卜>豌豆;平均铀含量分别为:0.26,0.25,0.11,0.09 mg/kg,且均为低铀富集作物。加入铀溶液的土壤所种植的蔬菜样品中铀含量相比对照组土壤均有所升高,但其铀含量未超过国家标准限值,处于安全水平。     

城市浅埋矩形隧道减震层厚度对减震效果的影响分析*

为研究减震层厚度对减震效果的影响,以某城市浅埋双连拱矩形隧道工程为例,利用数值模拟软件ABAQUS对比分析50,100,150 mm 3种厚度减震层的减震效果。结果表明:施设50 mm厚减震层时,边墙收敛减小14.90%,最大、最小主应力最大值分别减小13.96%和9.59%,最大剪应力减小3.22%,最小安全系数最小提高23.13%;施设100 mm厚减震层时,边墙收敛减小6.63%,最大、最小主应力分别减小14.70%和11.90%,最大剪应力减小4.56%,最小安全系数最小提高41.39%;施设150 mm厚减震层时,边墙收敛减小4.65%,最大、最小主应力最大值减小幅度较大,其中最小主应力最大值减小了14.03%,最大剪应力减小6.17%,最小安全系数最小提高42.72%;施设100 mm厚减震层优于50 mm和150 mm厚减震层。研究成果可为城市浅埋双连拱矩形隧道的减震设计提供参考。     

微纳米气泡耦合过渡金属离子催化氧化吸收甲醛

利用过渡金属离子Fe^2+和Mn^2+作为催化剂,耦合微纳米气泡催化氧化吸收HCHO,研究了各种反应参数变化对吸收效果的影响,并借助GC-MS技术探究了微纳米气泡氧化吸收HCHO的机理。实验结果表明:HCHO吸收率随着吸收液pH、NaCl浓度、SDS浓度及过渡金属离子浓度的增加均呈现出先升高后降低的变化规律,低浓度的NaCl有助于HCHO的吸收;在进气HCHO质量浓度0.4 mg/m^3、循环9次的设定工况下,最佳工艺条件为吸收液pH 4、NaCl质量浓度0.1 g/L、SDS质量浓度7 mg/L、Fe^2+/Mn^2+浓度2.0 mmol/L;在此条件下,Fe^2+和Mn^2+催化体系的HCHO吸收率分别达82.6%和90.4%。GC-MS分析结果显示,微纳米气泡氧化吸收HCHO的主要有机产物为乙二醇。     

金属有机骨架材料UiO-66的制备及其对溶液中NO_3~-的吸附

采用溶剂热法合成了金属有机骨架材料UiO-66。通过XRD、SEM、FTIR对其进行了表征。考察了UiO-66对溶液中NO_3~-的吸附性能。实验结果表明,加入冰乙酸作调节剂后,得到的UiO-66晶体形貌均匀,直径在100nm左右,结晶度更好。在初始溶液pH为5、反应温度为30℃的条件下,UiO-66吸附NO_3~-反应90 min后,吸附达到平衡,平衡吸附量为39.67 mg/g。UiO-66吸附NO_3~-的吸附行为符合Freundlich等温线和准二级动力学吸附模型。吸附作用主要是材料中金属位点Zr对NO_3~-的静电吸附。UiO-66材料具有良好的再生性能,可重复使用。