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581.
582.
Sensitivity of a molecular marker based positive matrix factorization model to the number of receptor observations 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
YuanXun Zhang Rebecca J. Sheesley Min-Suk Bae James J. Schauer 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(32):4951-4958
To investigate the impact of the number of observations on molecular marker-based positive matrix factorization (MM-PMF) source apportionment models, daily PM2.5 samples were collected in East St. Louis, IL, from April 2002 through May 2003. The samples were analyzed for daily 24-h average concentrations of elemental and organic carbon, trace elements, and speciated particle-phase organic compounds. A total of 273 sets of observations were used in the model and consisted of all valid sets of observations from the year long data set minus one sixth of the measurements, which were collected every 6th day and were analyzed by different chemical analysis techniques. In addition to the base case of 273 samples, systematic subsets of the data set were analyzed by PMF. These subsets of data included 50% of the observations (135–138 days), 33% of the observations (90–92 days) and 20% of the observations (52–56 days). In addition, model runs were also examined that used 48-h, 72-h, 6-day, and weekly average concentrations as model inputs. All MM-PMF model runs were processed following the same procedures to explore the stability of the source attribution results. Consistent with previous MM-PMF results for East St. Louis, the main sources of organic aerosol were found to be mobile sources, secondary organic aerosols (SOAs), resuspended soil and biomass combustions, as well as an n-alkane dominated point source and other combustion sources. The MM-PMF model was reasonably stable when the number of observations in the input was reduced to ninety, or approximately 33% of observations present in the base case. In these cases, the key factors including resuspended soil, mobile and secondary factors, which accounted for more than 70% of the measured OC concentrations, were stable as defined by a relative standard deviation (RSD) of less than 30%. Similar results were obtained from the smaller data subsets, but resulted in larger uncertainties, with several of these factors yielding RSD of greater than 30%. The three factors with the largest OC contributions were more stable than the other minor factors, even when the number of observations was nominally 50 days. Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) was the most stable factor observed in the model runs. Since it is unclear if these results can be broadly applied to all MM-PMF models, additional studies of this nature are needed to assess the broader applicability of these conclusions. Until such studies are implemented, this paper provides a foundation to design future studies in sampling strategies for source apportionment using MM-PMF. 相似文献
583.
For the development process in the rapidly growing economies, knowledge transfer and technology cooperation are becoming important issues. Research and technological competences are key indicators for the absorptive capacity of sustainability technologies and for the ability to export them. These issues are analyzed empirically for Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS). Sustainability related research in BRICS is mostly carried out within broader, more sector oriented programmes. Specialization patterns of international patents and in foreign trade indicate various strengths and weaknesses of the BRICS countries. The differences within the countries imply that the analysis must proceed at a technology specific level. China has considerable capabilities in technologies such as photovoltaics, solar thermal or buildings. There is a strong need for strategic positioning of the countries and for coordination of the various policy fields involved. 相似文献
584.
快速高效丙烯酸系吸油树脂的合成及性能研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
采用悬浮聚合法合成了低交联度的丙烯酸系高吸油性树脂。研究了单体配比、交联剂用量及种类、分散剂用量和反应温度等反应条件对树脂吸油性能的影响,并且考察了树脂对4种有机毒物(氯苯、吡啶、硝基苯和甲苯) 的吸油效果。结果表明,吸油5 h后,树脂对氯苯、吡啶、硝基苯及甲苯的最大吸油率分别为37.3、34.1、30.5和23.7 g/g;另外,树脂吸油10 min时,其吸油率即可达到最大吸油率的50%。实验证明,该合成树脂对有机毒物有快速高效的吸附效果,可以应用于污染事故应急处理。 相似文献
585.
频繁的滤材堵塞是大气气溶胶采样器(流量大于500 m3/h)运行中常见的问题,安装预分离器是缓解这一问题的有效途径之一。研究了可用于这种气溶胶取样器预分离的旋风分离器,确定了使用轴流进气直流式的结构。在惯性分离理论的基础上,提出了切割粒径的计算方法。建立了流量为700~800 m3/h的预分离器性能测试装置和方法,并对3个旋风分离器性能进行了测试。实验结果表明:3个旋风分离器的切割粒径在12~14.5μm,与计算较好地符合;性能最佳的旋风分离器的切割粒径为14.5μm,10μm颗粒的透过率为73%,符合技术要求。 相似文献
586.
587.
588.
A. Karanasiou K. Eleftheriadis S. Vratolis P. Zarbas N. Mihalopoulos C. Mitsakou C. Housiadas M. Lazaridis J. Ondracek L. Dzumbova 《Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus》2008,8(1):71-76
Aerosol particles in the workplace of a detergent industry were sampled during July 2005 by a Berner low-pressure impactor.
The samples were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry and ion chromatography in order to determine the size distribution
of metallic elements and water-soluble inorganic ions. The size distributions of some characteristic metallic elements (Cu,
Fe, Al) were unimodal with their maximum found in coarse particles. Among the water-soluble aerosol components , , Cl−, and Ca++ were the major contributors to total particle mass. The lung deposition resulting from the partially hygroscopic aerosol
is estimated. The calculated lung deposition reveals the impact of separate chemical aerosol compounds on the levels of the
inhaled dose. The differences observed between the total and regional deposition of the different compounds appear mainly
due to their different size distributions.
An erratum to this article can be found at 相似文献
589.
北京大气颗粒物污染的区域性本质 总被引:16,自引:3,他引:16
颗粒物是北京的首要大气污染物,2006年PM10年均浓度超标60%以上.本研究基于颗粒物质量浓度在线监测和逐日TSP的采样分析,结合地面天气形势,论述了北京大气颗粒物污染的区域性特征.首先,北京大气颗粒物污染过程的形成由以冷锋过境为明显标志的周期性的天气系统决定,天气系统的活动尺度决定了颗粒物污染的区域性.其次,从PM2.5/PM10和Pb/Al比值的变化判别出颗粒物污染过程中随着颗粒物浓度的升高,细颗粒物呈现富集趋势;细颗粒物的富集由粗颗粒物的去除和超细颗粒物的生成(核化过程)、以及二次颗粒物的生成所致;污染过程中颗粒物的老化以及化学组成(Pb/Al)的大幅度变化共同表明了北京大气颗粒物来源的区域性本质. 相似文献
590.
北京地区空气中PM10的元素组分及其变化 总被引:16,自引:1,他引:16
2000年6—7月,12月和2001年4—5月在北京北郊分别采集了代表夏季、冬季和春季的大气颗粒物样品,经分析后获得了不同季节、不同大气污染情况下气溶胶中Ca,S,Al,Fe,K,Zn等30种元素质量浓度。对不同污染情况下PM10中元素组分的变化分析表明,PM10中的元素总质量浓度呈现出明显的季节变化,即春季最高,冬季次之,夏季最低,Ca,Fe,K,Al,S是PM10中的5种主要元素。随着空气污染的加重,PM10中的元素总质量浓度明显增加,在春季这一增加达到7倍之多。在重污染情况下,无论在近地面,还是在边界层,PM10中的主要元素排序夏季以地壳元素为首,而冬春季均以污染元素为首。一般情况下,PM10中的元素总质量浓度在近地层中随高度升高而降低,降低幅度约为20%。分析结果还表明,随着空气污染的加重,PM10中的污染元素,尤其是As,Cr,Co,Cu,Ni,PPb,Se,Zn等低浓度污染元素的浓度明显增加。 相似文献