Characterization of Indoor and Outdoor Aerosols in a Suburban Area of Prague

The mass, ionic and elemental size distributions of particulate matter (PM) measured indoors and outdoors in an apartment situated in a north–westward suburb of Prague are presented. The PM samples were collected by two Berner type low pressure impactors separating particles into 10 size fractions from 26 nm to 10 μm and were further analyzed by ion chromatography (IC) and proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE). Temperature, pressure and relative humidity were measured both indoors and outdoors parallel to PM sampling. The indoor and outdoor PM dynamics were recorded by two scanning mobility particle sizers (SMPS) and an aerodynamic particle sizer (APS). Finally, the ventilation rate was determined by a radon technique. Ion chromatography showed that the major inorganic components of the fine particle mode are sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium with very low indoor nitrate concentration. Crustal elements (Al, Si, Ca, Ti, Mn, and Fe) were associated with the coarse aerosol mode. The presence of people increased the mass concentration of coarse particles, whereas cooking, smoking, and burning of incense and candles contributed predominantly to the fine particle mode. Smoking and the burning of incense also increased the concentration of potassium, bromine and chlorine content in fine particles.     

火山喷发的气体灾害

火山喷发是一种壮观的自然景象,其喷发类型多种多样。火山喷发不仅可以改变地貌,带来一些矿产资源,更多的是给自然界带来灾害。火山喷发一般都同时喷出气体,强火山喷发巨量的气体喷入空中,会给全球气候和环境造成极大的灾害。     

杭州市大气VOCs浓度特征及其化学活性研究

2018年4月至2019年3月对杭州市城区大气中117种挥发性有机物（VOCs）开展了为期一年的手工采样观测,分析了VOCs各组分的浓度特征、臭氧生成潜势（OFP）和二次有机气溶胶（SOA）生成潜势。结果显示,观测期杭州市大气VOCs体积分数均值为（56.72±29.56）×10^-9,含氧挥发性有机物（OVOCs）、烷烃和卤代烃是其主要组分,分别占33.86%、30.70%、15.73%。VOCs体积分数前10位的物种为丙烷、甲醛、异丁烷、乙烷、乙酸乙酯、二氯甲烷、正丁烷、丙酮、甲苯和1,2-二氯乙烷。杭州市VOCs的OFP为135.18×10^-9,各VOCs组分的OFP贡献为OVOCs（45%） > 芳香烃（22%） > 烯烃和炔烃（21%） > 烷烃（11%） > 卤代烃（1%）,其中甲醛、乙烯和乙醛是OFP主要贡献者。SOA生成潜势为1.64 μg/m³,芳香烃是最重要的SOA前体物。SOA生成潜势最大的5种VOCs物种为甲苯、对/间二甲苯、乙苯、邻二甲苯和苯,因此控制来自机动车尾气和溶剂使用过程中产生的VOCs可有效降低SOA的生成。通过甲苯与苯体积分数比分析发现,杭州市城区芳香烃除了来自机动车尾气以外,在春、夏季和秋、冬季还分别受到生物质燃烧和涂料溶剂的影响;分析了乙烷与乙炔体积分数比、乙炔与CO体积分数比,发现杭州市气团的老化程度呈现整体较高的特点。     

颗粒床过滤中的惯性碰撞效应研究

在实验的基础上,得到了计算单个颗粒惯性碰撞收集效率的经验方程式。结果表明,气溶胶粒子的粒径越大,惯性碰撞越显著;气体流速的增加有利于粒子的惯性沉积;沙介质的粒径越小,气溶胶粒子的惯性碰撞效应越高,穿透率也就越低。     

Comparison of EC and BC and evaluation of dust aerosol contribution to light absorption in Xi'an, China

The concentrations of EC, BC and dust aerosols were determined for atmospheric samples collected from an observation station in Xi'an, China. The results show that the averaged correlation coefficient between EC and BC was founded to be 0.72 with 0.81 (n = 49) in autumn, 0.70 (n = 112) in winter and 0.69 (n = 57) in spring, respectively. Absorption coefficients of dust aerosol were estimated to be 2.7 m² g⁻¹ in autumn and 4.4 m² g⁻¹ in winter. The comparison of absorption coefficients of dust aerosol with those of BC implies that BC is the principal light-absorbing aerosol over Xi'an atmosphere. By combining thermal analysis of elemental carbon and dust contents in the aerosol samples, however, the fraction of dust absorption to total light absorption is estimated to be 19% in autumn and 31% in winter, respectively.     

Experimental study on the simultaneous desulfurization and denitrification by duct injection

The highly active absorbent with oxidization based on fly ash, lime and additive was prepared.Experiments of simultaneous desulfurization and denitrification were carried out using fixture bed and duct injection.The influencial factors for the absorptive capacity of the absorbent were studied. The absorptive capacities of 120.7 mg for SO2 and 43.7 mg for NOx were achieved at a Ca/(S N) molar ratio 1.2, respectively, corresponding removal efficiencies of 87% and 76%, while spent absorbent appeared in the form of dry powder. The optimal temperature and humidity of flue gas treated with this process were shown to be approximately 50℃, and 5% respectively. The mechanism of removal for SO2 and NOx was investigated. In comparison with traditional dry FGD,this process appears to have lower cost, less complicated configuration and simpler disposal of used absorbent. The valuable references can be provided for industrial application by this process. The foreground of application will be vast in China and in the world.     

Research on buildings impacting on aerosol diffusing in urban area using remote sensing

Employing remote sensing method to interpret the building volumetric ratio and aerosol status in Guangzhou, China. The relation between them and identified characteristics of their spatial distribution was analyzed. Results showed that building density and aerosol status are strongly correlated. It is indicated that the resistance of building to aerosol diffusing is one of factors influencing air pollution in urban area. On the basis of calculated results, building voluminous ratio of 5.6 is taken as the threshold impacting on aerosol diffusing, so the buildina voluminous ratio of Guanazhou should be limited to less than 5.6 in order to alleviate air pollution.     

Sorption of styrene from aqueous solutions with oil absorptive resin

We demonstrated the utility of oil-absorbing 4-tert-butylstyrene-divinylbenzene-ethylene/propylene/diene resins in the removal of environmental hormones such as styrene from water. A maximum treatment efficiency of 99.47% was observed when using a static process, while the dynamic process yielded a maximum efficiency of 96.25%. The sorption efficiency was greater for solutions containing higher initial concentrations of styrene and for extended static contact times, but decreased with increasing hydraulic retention time. The influences of styrene concentration, sorption time, and hydraulic retention time on sorption efficiency were successfully predicted using a polynomial equation, sigmoidal function and exponential decay equation, respectively. It was found that the sorption process was well described by a first-order kinetic model.     

Externalities of Fugitive Dust

It is known that fugitive dust can cause human health and environmental problems, alone or in combination with other air pollutants. These problems are referred to as ‘external costs’ that have been traditionally ignored. However, there is a growing interest towards quantifying externalities to assist policy and decision-making. With this in mind, the present study aimed at discussing the environmental regulations that deal with fugitive dust, the impact of fugitive dust on human health and global climate system, and the available methods for calculating fugitive dust externalities. The damage cost associated with human health and global environmental problems was predicted based on the environmental strategy priority model. The damage cost estimated by the model ranged from 40 to 374 EUR/kg of emitted fugitive dust with a mean value of 120 EUR/kg of emitted fugitive dust. It was also found that PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ have contributed to about 60% and 36% of the estimated damage cost, respectively. The remaining 4% was attributed to both nitrate and sulfate aerosols.     

常用防护口罩对气溶胶的防护性能研究

为指导劳动者选择适合自身的口罩型号,对11种口罩防护气溶胶颗粒物的性能进行测试,对部分口罩进行适合性检验。使用TSI8130测定常用口罩对氯化钠气溶胶的过滤效率、吸气阻力,使用3M FT-30定性检验Bacou801,3M9332口罩的适合性。所测试口罩中,3M,Bacou口罩过滤效率与阻力值均符合标准值要求,其余某些口罩的过滤效率最低值为23.200%,吸气阻力最高值达260.9 Pa;某些口罩的处理样与未处理样在2项指标上存在差异(P<0.05)。6名受试者的脸型均与Bacou801口罩不适合,其中,3名的脸型与3M9332口罩不适合。结果表明,3M,Bacou所检测型号的口罩能够达到防颗粒物防护用品的要求,部分国产口罩尚不能用于颗粒物防护,首次使用某种口罩前,要进行适合性检验。