深圳市大气能见度影响因子研究

概述了大气气溶胶的光学性质,并结合深圳市实际,研究深圳市主要气溶胶因子与大气能见度的关系。     

Unique products from the reaction of naphthalene with the hydroxyl radical

Many of the products of the reaction of naphthalene (Naph) with the OH radical in a reaction chamber were identified. Previously unidentified products included 1,2-naphthoquinone (NQ), oxygenated indenes and benzopyrones. Possible pathways for the formation of 1,2-NQ and 1,4-NQ are proposed. In the chamber reactions, more 1,2-NQ than 1,4-NQ partitioned to the particle phase. From this result we infer that, in the atmosphere, the percentage of 1,2-NQ in the particle phase should be greater than that for the 1,4-NQ. Because both of these compounds are considered to be toxic, and since they appear in both the gas and particle phases in the reaction chamber, and by implication in the atmosphere, it is considered important that both the gas and particle phases of these two compounds should be measured to assess their impact on human health.     

核电事故中核素气溶胶烟羽扩散的模拟研究

本文选用高斯模型对放射性气溶胶扩散特性进行了模拟研究,分析了影响气溶胶扩散的主要几何参数和气象因素,探求了放射性污染物在地面上的浓度分布,最大浓度位置以及安全范围的划分等问题.模拟研究结果与相关文献相一致,证明了高斯扩散模型对此类扩散模拟的合理性和有效性；这为全面了解放射性气溶胶扩散的特性、对快速、有效地处置核事故具有指导意义.     

NO2对二甲苯光氧化生成SOA及其吸光度影响

NO₂是大气中常见污染气体,影响大气二次有机气溶胶（Secondary organic aerosol,SOA）的形成.运用实验室烟雾箱模拟二甲苯大气光氧化反应过程,研究NO₂对二甲苯SOA生成量、光学特性和化学组成的影响.结果显示,NO₂促进二甲苯SOA的形成,NO₂浓度从0增长到900×10^-9,二甲苯SOA的质量浓度增长2倍左右,并且邻二甲苯SOA质量浓度大于对二甲苯SOA.这是因为邻位取代基相比于对位取代基更倾向于形成醛,有利于聚合反应形成低聚物,促进SOA形成.此外,NO₂浓度增加显著提高所生成SOA的单位质量吸光度（Mass absorption coefficients,MAC）,这是由于前体物邻二甲苯和对二甲苯化学结构不同,邻二甲苯所生成的含氮有机物具有更强吸光性,从而导致邻二甲苯SOA的MAC_{λ=365 nm}大于对二甲苯SOA的MAC_{λ=365 nm}.在线气溶胶质谱仪分析结果进一步显示：二者光化...     

阿克达拉大气本底站黑碳浓度特征和潜在源

利用阿克达拉大气本底站2011~2017年黑碳气溶胶（BC）逐小时质量浓度资料和同期气象数据,采用后向轨迹聚类分析、潜在来源贡献函数法（PSCF）和浓度权重轨迹分析法（CWT）,研究了阿克达拉站BC不同时间尺度浓度特征和潜在源区.结果表明：阿克达拉站2011~2017年BC呈波动下降趋势,BC清洁程度较高;BC浓度呈春冬高,夏秋低的季节变化特征,春季（398.85±189.35） ng/m³>冬季（389.89±105.94） ng/m³>夏季（272.07±90.07） ng/m³>秋季（269.52±68.07） ng/m³,自然因素为BC浓度变化的主要原因;日变化特征表现为白天低、夜间高,基本呈单峰分布;阿克达拉站BC潜在源随季节变化差异明显,后向轨迹,WPSCF和WCWT分析都表明,春季潜在源集中于俄罗斯南部与新疆交界处的阿尔泰山北麓,秋季潜在源为新疆北疆经济带,冬季BC多受境外排放源影响.BC污染控制需要区域环境合作,实现联防联治,尤其是加强跨境污染源监测工作.     

Intensified wintertime secondary inorganic aerosol formation during heavy haze pollution episodes (HPEs) in Beijing, China

Air pollution in China is complex, and the formation mechanism of chemical components in particulate matter is still unclear. This study selected three consecutive heavy haze pollution episodes (HPEs) during winter in Beijing for continuous field observation, including an episode with heavy air pollution under red alert. Clean days during the observation period were selected for comparison. The HPE characteristics of Beijing in winter were: under the influence of adverse meteorological conditions such as high relative humidity, temperature inversion and low wind speed; and strengthening of secondary transformation reactions, which further intensified the accumulation of secondary aerosols and other pollutants, promoting the explosive growth of PM_2.5. PM_2.5/CO values, as indicators of the contribution of secondary transformation in PM_2.5, were approximately 2 times higher in the HPEs than the average PM_2.5/CO during the clean period. The secondary inorganic aerosols (sulfate nitrate and ammonium salt) were significantly enhanced during the HPEs, and the conversion coefficients were remarkably improved. In addition, it is interesting to observe that the production of sulfate tended to exceed that of nitrate in the late stage of all three HPEs. The existence of aqueous phase reactions led to the explosive growth sulfur oxidation ratio (SOR) and rapid generation of sulfate under high relative humidity (RH>70%).     

Secondary organic aerosol formation from straw burning using an oxidation flow reactor

Herein, we use an oxidation flow reactor, Gothenburg: Potential Aerosol Mass (Go: PAM) reactor, to investigate the secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from wheat straw burning. Biomass burning emissions are exposed to high concentrations of hydroxyl radicals (OH) to simulate processes equivalent to atmospheric oxidation of 0-2.55 days. Primary volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were investigated, and particles were measured before and after the Go: PAM reactor. The influence of water content (i.e. 5% and 11%) in wheat straw was also explored. Two burning stages, the flaming stage, and non-flaming stages, were identified. Primary particle emission factors (EFs) at a water content of 11% (∼3.89 g/kg-fuel) are significantly higher than those at a water content of 5% (∼2.26 g/kg-fuel) during the flaming stage. However, the water content showed no significant influence at the non-flaming stage. EFs of aromatics at a non-flaming stage (321.8±46.2 mg/kg-fuel) are larger than that at a flaming stage (130.9±37.1 mg/kg-fuel). The OA enhancement ratios increased with the increase in OH exposure at first and decreased with the additional increment of OH exposure. The maximum OA enhancement ratio is ∼12 during the non-flaming stages, which is much higher than ∼ 1.7 during the flaming stages. The mass spectrum of the primary wheat burning organic aerosols closely resembles that of resolved biomass burning organic aerosols (BBOA) based on measurements in ambient air. Our results show that large gap (∼60%-90%) still remains to estimate biomass burning SOA if only the oxidation of VOCs were included.     

基于AERONET的中国地区典型站点气溶胶类型变化特征

基于AERONET网站中多个站点2006~2018年的观测数据,利用气溶胶光学厚度和气溶胶相对光学厚度,对中国华北北京、华东太湖、华南香港、西北SACOL多个站点的气溶胶进行分类,研究了中国地区典型站点气溶胶类型的时空变化特征.结果表明,我国华北、华南、华东区域站点以大陆型和城市工业型气溶胶为主,西北区域站点以大陆型气溶胶为主.气溶胶类型占比存在明显的年际变化,我国华北、华东区域站点大陆型气溶胶占比总体呈上升趋势,次大陆型溶胶占比呈下降趋势,其中华东区域站点年际变化较为突出,大陆型气溶胶占比年均上升2.78%,城市工业型气溶胶占比年均下降1.86%;华南区域站点大陆型气溶胶占比年均上升0.78%,且城市工业型气溶胶占比年均下降0.66%;而西北区域作为沙尘的主要源区,沙尘气溶胶变化最为显著,占比年均上升0.51%.我国不同区域气溶胶类型季节变化差异较大,春季华北、华东、西北区域均出现沙尘气溶胶,且西北区域尤为突出（占比19%）;华北区域城市工业型和大陆型气溶胶占比分别在夏、冬两季出现大值,华东区域城市工业型气溶胶在夏、秋两季占比较高,华南区域城市工业型气溶胶在春季占比最多（57%）,西北区域大陆型气溶胶在夏、秋两季占比高达83%.     

新疆独山子区VOCs组成及其对O3和SOA的贡献

参照美国环保署USEPATO-14标准方法,分别于非采暖、采暖和沙尘期采集新疆独山子区空气样品,用预浓缩仪和气相色谱/质谱联用系统对其挥发性有机物（VOCs）进行分析.结果表明,采样期间独山子区各类VOCs对总VOCs的贡献大小依次是：烷烃（61.80%） > 烯烃（18.62%） > 芳香烃（10.16%） > 乙炔（9.42%）;用气溶胶生成系数（FAC）估算VOCs的二次有机气溶胶（SOA）生成潜势表明,对SOA生成贡献最大的是芳香烃,在非采暖、采暖和沙尘期的贡献率分别为97.80%、87.28%和69.52%;用SPSS软件和广义相加模型（GAM）分析气象因素、VOCs、O₃及NOx之间的关系,表明高温干燥天气有利于O₃生成,且独山子区O₃生成主要受VOCs控制,一些烯烃（如1-丁烯）与O₃呈显著线性关系.     

Comparative investigation of coal- and oil-fired boilers based on emission factors, ozone and secondary organic aerosol formation potentials of VOCs

Volatile organic compounds(VOCs) are the important precursors of the tropospheric ozone(O_3) and secondary organic aerosols(SOA),both of which are known to harm human health and disrupt the earth's climate system.In this study,VOC emission factors,O_3 and SOA formation potentials were estimated for two types of industrial boilers:coal-fired boilers(n=3) and oil-fired boilers(n=3).Results showed that EVOCs concentrations were more than nine times higher for oil-fire d boilers compared to those for coal-fired boilers.Emission factors of ΣVOCs were found to be higher for oil-fired boilers(9.26-32.83 mg-VOC/kg) than for coal-fired boilers(1.57-4.13 mg-VOC/kg).Alkanes and aromatics were obtained as the most abundant groups in coal-fired boilers,while oxygenated organics and aromatics were the most contributing groups in oil-fired boilers.Benzene,n-hexane and o-ethyl toluene were the abundant VOC species in coal-fired boiler emissions,whereas toluene was the most abundant VOC species emitted from oil-fired boilers.O_3 and SOA formation potentials were found 12 and 18 times,respectively,higher for oil-fired than for coal-fired boilers.Total OFP ranged from 3.99 to 11.39 mg-O_3/kg for coal-fired boilers.For oil-fired boilers,total OFP ranged from 36.16 to 131.93 mg-O_3/kg.Moreover,total secondary organic aerosol potential(SOAP) ranged from 65.4 to 122.5 mg-SOA/kg and 779.9 to 2252.5 mg-SOA/kg for the coal-fired and oil-fired boilers,respectively.