不同类型施肥水平对甘南沙化高寒草甸植物群落特征及生产力的影响

以中度沙化高寒草甸为研究对象,研究了不同类型施肥水平对草地群落物种组成、多样性格局、群落结构及生产力的影响,旨在寻求不同类型施肥的最佳施肥水平。 结果表明:①在各个不同施肥水平处理中(除钾肥3个水平处理外),主要优势物种的重要值之间均有显著差异;②各物种多样性指标在有机肥3个水平处理和氮肥3个水平处理中均随施肥量增加而增大,而在磷肥3个水平处理和氮磷钾肥配施3个水平处理中均随施肥量增加显凸形变化趋势;③植被平均高度和4个功能群地上生物量在有机肥3个水平处理和氮肥3个水平处理中均随施肥量增加而增大,在磷肥3个水平处理和氮磷钾肥配施3个水平处理中均随施肥量增加显凸形变化趋势;④钾肥3个水平处理对物种组成、多样性变化、植被高度及地上生物量均没有极显著影响。 从草地生产力、群落结构的合理性以及群落的稳定性综合考虑,O3、P2、N3和N-P-K2是高寒沙化草甸施肥的最佳水平。     

灌溉后通气对盆栽番茄土壤酶活性的影响

为改善作物根系生长环境,采用空气压缩机控制盆栽番茄供气,研究了不同水、气条件对土壤酶活性及盆栽番茄生长的影响。研究结果表明:土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶和脱氢酶活性在番茄生育期内均呈先增大后减小的变化趋势;不同水分条件下通气处理均能提高过氧化氢酶、脲酶和脱氢酶活性,但以80%田间持水量、通气量系数为0.8组合时效果最好;番茄产量与植株干物质积累在该组合下也达到最高值。说明80%田间持水量、通气量系数为0.8组合可改善番茄根际土壤气体环境,提高酶活性,促进植株生长,提高果实产量。     

基于广义极值分布的流化床压力波动风险预警

为预警气泡运动所引起的流化床粉煤气化压力波动风险,提出预测压力波动极值以及压力波动重现水平的方法;首先采用自相关分析法将压力波动母样本数据合理分段,再用区间极值法统计子样本的压力波动极值数据,以广义极值(GEV)分布方法建立GEV分布模型和Gumbel分布模型,并经过模型诊断选择最优模型;然后通过子样本与母样本的参数关...     

Sibling competition in guinea pigs (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cavia aperea</Emphasis> f. <Emphasis Type="Italic">porcellus</Emphasis>): scrambling for mother’s teats is stressful

Lactation is the most energy-intense period in the life of a female mammal. This can cause severe conflict between mother and offspring over the duration of lactation but also between siblings over the amount of milk each pup gets from its mother. Thus, competitive interactions between siblings are expected, and competition is likely to increase with litter size, particularly in species where the number of offspring exceeds the number of teats. We studied sibling competition in the domestic guinea pig (Cavia aperea f. porcellus), which has two teats, but frequently bears litters of up to five pups. By cross-fostering we created non-competition (control) litters with two pups and competition litters with four pups and observed nursing behaviour on days 5, 10, 15 and 20 postpartum. Pups of larger litters had lower growth rates, indicating increased competition among siblings in these litters. Pups of larger litters had to wait longer for access to a teat and spent less time suckling than pups of smaller litters but ate more solid food instead. Additionally, we manipulated the individual short-term need of pups by separating half of the pups of each litter for 2 h from their mothers before observation. Within a litter, hungry pups achieved access to milk faster and spent more time suckling than non-hungry pups. Pups competed mostly by scramble competition. Aggressive interactions occurred only in large litters. Pups of large litters had higher cortisol levels than pups in small litters. These effects decreased with age as pups became increasingly independent of maternal milk. Pup behaviour appears to fit better with models of scramble competition than with those of honest signalling. This contribution is part of the special issue “Sibling competition and cooperation in mammals” (guest editors: Robyn Hudson and Fritz Trillmich).     

大气CO2浓度升高和氮肥施用对三江平原湿地小叶章生物量及根冠比的影响

利用开顶箱薰气室（open—top chamber）试验装置,研究了不施氮（NN）、施常氮（MN,5g·m^2）和施高氮（HN,15g·m^2）3个氮素水平下大气CO2浓度升高对小叶章（Calamagrostis angustifolia）生物量和根冠比的影响。结果表明,大气CO2浓度升高对小叶章生物量的影响因生长期而异。大气CO2浓度升高对小叶章地上生物量的促进作用主要表现在生长前期,拔节期和抽穗期地上生物量较正常大气CO2浓度增加12．42％～22．60％,而腊熟期和成熟期仅增加3．11％～12．97％;大气CO2浓度升高对小叶章地下生物量的促进作用在生长后期表现明显,除拔节期外,小叶章地下生物量增加17．63％～42．20％。小叶章生物量和根冠比对大气CO2浓度的响应与供N水平有关。在HN水平下,大气CO2浓度升高使小叶章生物量和根冠比明显增加,在NN条件下促进作用则不显著。小叶章根冠比明显增加主要是地下生物量显著增长引起的。     

校园室内环境空气中环状挥发性甲基硅氧烷浓度水平及其健康风险评价

利用低流量大气采样器采集了大连某高校家庭、男寝、女寝、办公室、实验室中空气样品,分析了样品中4种环状挥发性甲基硅氧烷(cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes,cVMSs):六甲基环三硅氧烷(D3)、八甲基环四硅氧烷(D4)、十甲基环五硅氧烷(D5)、十二甲基环六硅氧烷(D6)的浓度水平、组分特征及其来源,并采用美国国家环境保护局(US-EPA)健康风险评价模型对D5人体健康风险进行了评价。结果表明监测期间室内环境空气中D3、D4、D5与D6检出率均为100%,室内环境总硅氧烷(ΣcVMSs)平均浓度为(12.4±20.7)μg·m~(-3),范围为0.29~78.4μg·m~(-3)。办公室与实验室浓度水平最高的为D3,而女寝与家庭为D5,男寝为D6。由于女寝中个人护理品的频繁使用,女寝空气中Σc VMSs浓度水平分别为男寝、家庭、办公室、实验室的46、80、27、55倍。D5对人体的非致癌危险商值范围为2.14E-04~4.31E-02,对暴露人群尚不存在明显的非致癌风险。     

企业文化与企业安全文化建设水平互动效应研究

为提高企业安全文化建设水平,基于人类协同国际环形和企业安全文化建设水平评价指标设计调查问卷,以赛轮金宇股份有限公司为研究对象,对其企业文化和企业安全文化建设水平进行相关性分析和多元逐步回归分析,探索二者的互动效应,从企业文化角度发掘安全文化建设重点。结果表明,自我实现文化、亲和文化、传统文化、成就文化与企业安全文化建设水平高度正相关,逃避文化则呈现高度负相关,其相关系数（绝对值）均在0.9以上;同时,多元逐步回归分析中,以上5个文化规则均进入回归方程,其标准化回归系数β分别为:0.395、0.182、0.169、0.129、-0.145。因此,这5种文化规则对企业安全文化建设水平具有很高的预测力,是企业安全文化建设的重点所在。     

基于城市空间扩张与人口增长协调性的高铁新城研究

论文基于改进后的城市用地扩张与人口增长协调性系数和城市紧凑度,利用49个高铁城市2004、2013年城市人口和城区面积等数据,对中心城市的用地扩张与人口增长进行定量分析;在此基础上,依据高铁新城和母城的空间位置关系选取4个案例城市进行新城建设与规划的适宜性实证分析。结果表明：1）高铁新城中心城市的土地扩张与人口增长之间的协调性较弱,以土地快速扩张为主,占65.31%,相应地人口与城市用地分别占55.01%、58.13%;其次是人地基本协调型,数量为13个,相应地拥有39.75%的人口和33.57%的城市建设用地。2）在高铁战略下新建的案例高铁新城主要分为“飞地式”、“城市副中心式”和“双城式”3类,不同城市空间形态下的新城模式对城市发展及人地关系的影响有所不同。未处理好新城与母城的空间形态、内部结构、土地与人口增长的关系,导致新城的建设/规划大多不合理,从而陷入城市土地资源浪费和盲目扩张的困境。     

Global gains at local costs: Imposing protected areas: evidence from central India

With the ever-increasing understanding about the Earth as a living network of interdependent ecosystems, there seems to be a growing consensus that the whole planet is a global common. This feeling, however, is not bereft of severe complications arising from conflicting interests of different nations placed at varying levels of development. While developed countries are more concerned about environmental quality which is a global public good, less developed countries can hardly afford to make land use decisions that keep such wider futuristic concerns in mind while they are presently struggling with very basic problems of poverty and starvation. The actors at the global level prescribe, monitor, and enforce the global level collective choice through persuasive, and at times coercive, methods. At the national level, various legal provisions in the form of legislation reflect the collective choice at that level through creation of protected areas devoid of humans. A simple fact is overlooked, that it is impossible to achieve conservation goals without making local people equal participants in decisionmaking and benefit sharing.     

县域土地生态安全评价——以四川省丹棱县为例

建立基于自然-经济-社会子系统的县域土地生态安全综合评价体系,评价2001-2010年四川省丹棱县的土地生态安全状况,并分析土地生态系统协调度的动态变化,探讨丹棱县在眉山市所处的土地生态安全水平.结果表明,2001-2010年丹棱县土地生态安全状况总体呈好转趋势,但至2010年仍处于敏感级和预警状态,综合生态安全值由0.630 6增长至0.697 2,其中土地经济生态安全值由0.236 6增加至0.327 9,但自然和社会生态安全值分别由0.262 3和0.131 7下降至0.253 9和0.115 3.2001-2010年土地生态系统协调度由0.670 9下降至0.535 6,从2007年起系统处于不协调状态.从2008年起丹棱县土地生态安全水平高于眉山市平均水平.