Quantifying the electron-donating and -accepting capacities of wastewater for evaluating and optimizing biological wastewater treatment processes

Biological processes have been widely used for the treatment of both domestic and industrial wastewaters. In such biological processes, pollutants are converted into pollution-free substances by microorganisms through oxidation-reduction reactions. Thus, how to quantify the internal oxidation-reduction properties wastewaters and seek out targeted countermeasures is essential to understand, operate, and optimize biological wastewater treatment systems. So far, no such approach is available yet. In this work, a novel concept of electron neutralization-based evaluation is proposed to describe the internal oxidation-reduction properties of wastewater. Pollutants in wastewater are defined as electron donor substances (EDSs) or electron acceptor substances (EASs), which could give or accept electrons, respectively. With such an electron neutralization concept, several parameters, i.e., electron residual concentration (R), economy-related index (E and E_r), and economical evaluation index (Y and Y_r), are defined. Then, these parameters are used to evaluate the performance and economic aspects of currently applied wastewater treatment processes and even optimize systems. Three case studies demonstrate that the proposed concept could be effectively used to reduce wastewater treatment costs, assess energy recovery, and evaluate process performance. Therefore, a new, simple, and reliable methodology is established to describe the oxidation-reduction properties of wastewater and assess the biological wastewater treatment processes.     

利用反硝化过程处理有机废水

试验以甲醇配水作为污水，研究利用外加硝酸盐的反硝化技术去除难以复氧的低溶解氧水中的有机物的可行性。结果表明：达到最佳去除效果时，外加硝酸盐与有机污染物的Ｎ／Ｃ为１．４，停留时间为１６ｈ时有机物去除率可达８６％，１５℃以上时去除率受温度影响不大。     

胡敏酸对汞还原能力的测定和表征

还原容量(RC)是表征胡敏酸(HA)氧化还原特性的重要指标.采用饱和H2振荡法和土壤溶液法对HA分别进行化学和微生物预处理,结合对照(未经任何还原前处理),在Fe3+还原法测定RC基础上,以柠檬酸铁(FeCit)为参照,分别以氯化汞(HgCl2)及硝酸汞[Hg(NO3)3]作电子受体,测定了3种HA(上海巨枫SH、天津光复TJ、缙云山JY)对汞的化学还原容量(CRC)、微生物还原容量(MRC)、本底还原容量(NRC),以了解HA对Hg2+的还原能力.结果表明,①不同电子受体对HA还原汞能力影响显著,FeCit条件下测得RC值远高于Hg(NO3)2和HgCl2(1～2个数量级),因此采用Fe3+还原法会过高估计HA对Hg2+的实际还原能力;②受自身结构和基团的影响,3种胡敏酸对汞的还原能力差异明显,以JY最高,分别(以C计)为(0.95±0.03)mmolc.mol-1(NRC)、(5.95±0.63)mmolc.mol-1(CRC)和(6.26±0.51)mmolc.mol-1(MRC);③溶液态HA还原Hg能力明显高于固态HA,增幅在100%～691.67%之间.同时,通过对比3个还原容量指标发现,CRC和MRC均显著大于NRC,而CRC和MRC之间无明确大小关系,因此,CRC并不能完全代表HA在微生物还原条件下对Hg的真实还原容量.     

1,2-二氯乙烷自然衰减过程中模拟饱和含水层的氧化还原条件变化

为研究自然条件下饱和含水层中1,2-DCA(1,2-二氯乙烷)的自然衰减过程及该过程中含水层氧化还原环境的变化特征,利用室内连续水流土柱模拟饱和含水层,研究生物降解作用对1,2-DCA自然衰减的贡献以及饱和含水层环境条件的动态变化规律. 初始ρ(1,2-DCA)为50 mg/L,模拟地下水流速为450 μL/min,模拟试验连续进行30 d,分别监测ρ(1,2-DCA)和水环境指标. 结果表明,1,2-DCA自然衰减的一级速率常数为0.068 9 d-1,其中生物降解作用的贡献率为6.34%. 1,2-DCA自然衰减过程中,NO₃-首先充当生物降解的电子受体,随后Fe3+、SO₄2-依次发生反应,土柱内部不同高度出现了氧化还原分带,分别是硫酸盐还原带、铁盐还原带、硝酸盐还原带.      

厌氧氨氧化污泥中氨氧化的潜在电子受体

通过接种亚硝酸盐型厌氧氨氧化污泥,投加潜在电子受体(亚硝酸盐、Fe~(3+)和硫酸盐)研究了厌氧条件下氨氮氧化的潜在电子受体.结果表明,亚硝酸盐是厌氧氨氧化最适合的电子受体,能够与氨氮在短暂的时间内完全反应;在亚硝酸盐缺乏的情况下,厌氧氨氧化污泥中微生物利用自身细胞有机物将产物硝酸盐转化为亚硝酸盐参与氨氮转化;Fe~(3+)与硫酸盐在氨氮氧化后期出现转化,但是直接还是间接参与还需进一步研究.厌氧氨氧化污泥对氨氮产生过量氧化之前必须以亚硝酸盐为电子受体进行微生物活性激活,并且好氧氨氧化菌和亚硝化菌出现增长,推测微生物产生了H_2O_2.该现象并不可长久持续.虽然其氧化速率较慢,但是过量氧化现象较为明显.因此厌氧氨氧化污泥中肯定存在氨氮过量氧化的现象.厌氧氨氧化污泥对电子的利用顺序是亚硝酸盐、硝酸盐、Fe~(3+)和硫酸盐.     

电子受体类型对反硝化除磷的影响

利用静态试验研究了电子受体类型对反硝化吸磷的影响,并且对以硝酸盐作为电子受体的反硝化除磷工艺提出了建议。试验结果表明：电子受体初始浓度为10．58mg／L-22．33mg／L时,以硝酸盐作为电子受体时的反硝化速率要大于以亚硝酸盐作为电子受体的反硝化速率;以硝酸盐作为电子受体时的缺氧吸磷速率也大于以亚硝酸盐作为电子受体时的缺氧吸磷速率。以硝酸盐作为电子受体的反硝化除磷系统中,亚硝酸盐冲击负荷会对系统脱氮除磷效果产生严重的影响。     

微生物燃料电池中生物阴极的研究与应用现状

在简要介绍了微生物燃料电池的发展背景、原理和发展趋势的基础上,重点概述了微生物燃料电池阴极的发展现状,特别是生物阴极的研究与应用现状,最后对其目前存在的主要问题进行了分析,并对其今后的发展提出了展望。     

Phosphorus accumulation by bacteria isolated from a ontinuous-flow two-sludge system

In this article, polyphosphate-accumulating organisms （PAOs） from a lab-scale continuous-flow two-sludge system was isolated and identified, the different phosphorus accumulation characteristics of the isolates under anoxic and aerobic conditions were investigated. Two kinds of PAOs were both found in the anoxic zones of the two-sludge system, one of them utilized only oxygen as electron aeceptor, and the other one utilized either nitrate or oxygen as electron aeceptor. Of the total eight isolates, five isolates were capable of utilizing both nitrate and oxygen as electron acceptors to uptake phosphorus to some extent. And three of the five isolates showed good phosphorus accumulative capacities both under anoxic or aerobic conditions, two identified as Alcaligenes and one identified as Pseudomonas. Streptococcus was observed weak anoxic phosphorus accumulation because of its weak denitrification capacity, but it showed good phosphorus accumulation capacity under aerobic conditions. One isolates identified as Enterobacteriaceae was proved to be a special species of PAOs, which could only uptake small amounts of phosphorus under anoxic conditions, although its denitrification capacity and aerobic phosphorus accumulation capacity were excellent.     

BiOCl-(NH4)3PW12O40复合光催化剂制备及其光催化降解污染物机制

光生电子和空穴的分离效率是影响光催化性能的重要因素.氯氧铋是典型的层状纳米光催化剂,却因光生电子和空穴的快速复合所表现出的低量子效率而受到使用限制.本文通过两步的水热法合成了BiOCl-(NH_4)_3PW_(12)O_(40)复合光催化剂.以甲基橙(MO)为模拟污染物进行光催化活性测试.结果表明,在氙灯模拟的太阳光照射下,Bi与W的原子比为1∶1时,其催化效果最佳.通过自由基猝灭实验对催化剂光降解MO的催化机制进行了研究,发现BiOCl是由空穴,羟基自由基和超氧自由基共同作用来对MO进行降解;而复合催化剂则主要以羟基自由基和超氧自由基为活性物种来降解MO.通过对反应前后的催化剂进行XPS分析,证明了磷钨酸铵可以接收BiOCl产生的光生电子.通过光电流测试,表明复合光催化剂的光生电子的转移和分离效率有了较大的提高,从而提高了光催化活性.