ACF吸附法处理苯酚泄漏造成的河流突发污染事故模拟研究

环境突发污染事故给人民生活、经济发展和生态环境造成重大影响,研究污染物泄漏造成的河流污染的应急处理方法十分必要.实验以苯酚为研究对象,选用吸附容量大、密度与水接近的活性炭纤维(ACF)为吸附剂,在自制的河流模型中,研究了ACF对苯酚进行吸附的过程,考察了吸附剂投加量、苯酚浓度、吸附剂比表面积、吸附剂投加方式、水流速度与水质等对吸附速率与吸附效果的影响.实验结果表明,ACF能以较快的速率吸附苯酚;ACF投加量是影响吸附速率最重要的因素,当ACF投加质量之比为1:2:4时,吸附速率常数之比近似为1:2:4;苯酚浓度对吸附速率的影响显著,苯酚浓度较低时吸附速率较高.苯酚初始浓度为7mg·L-1时.经过86min的吸附,苯酚浓度可以达到地表水V类水中挥发酚的限值要求(0.1mg·L-1);在吸附11min左右追加适量的ACF,能够明显提高吸附速率;河水流速和水质对吸附速率影响不大;在实际河水中,ACF对苯酚的吸附过程与在模拟河水中相似,吸附效果显著.     

高速公路运营安全性评价

系统研究国内外道路运营安全评价先进技术,认为各种安全评价方法有其优缺点,单一方法使用时,难以得到全面、可靠的评价结果。在此基础上,结合我国高速公路运营状况,提出了运用速度协调性分析、事故调查与分析、设计符合性以及运营安全评价清单进行评价的高速公路运营综合安全评价方法。该方法能最大程度地发现事故隐患、预防事故的发生或减轻事故的严重程度。并运用该方法对某改建高速公路进行了运营安全评价,指出了该拟改建高速公路两处事故多发路段和3方面的安全隐患,证实了综合安全评价方法的有效性。     

基于ARIMA-LOESS模型的危化品道路运输事故起数预测

文章针对危化品道路运输事故预测问题,运用差分自回归移动平均模型(Autoregressive Integrat-ed Moving Average,ARIMA)与局部加权回归模型(Locally Estimated Scatterplot Smoothing,LOESS)的组合模型,对我国危化品道路运输事故发生起数进行...     

环境污染事故危险源评级方法研究

将环境污染事故危险源分成空气污染型和水体污染型两大类,并考虑危险源自身特性和周围环境状况两个主要因素对两类危险源分别提出了评级模式,依据危险指数大小将危险源分为特大、重大、较大和一般四级;利用试点调研的63家企业的183个危险源数据,对危险源评级模式进行了参数选定和验证,证明所建议的方法和模式是可行的,可供危险源调研和建立数据库等实际工作应用。     

乌鲁木齐市环境应急监测体系存在的问题及对策

乌鲁木齐市已发生多起突发性环境污染事故,虽然环境监测部门在为政府和上级主管部门提供公正、科学和规范的技术支持方面发挥了不可替代的作用,但受经验、资金和技术等方面的制约,当前应急监测体系还存在着监测预案不完善、设备配置偏低、信息化程度和技术含量不高等突出问题。为着力解决这些问题,应完善具体的环境风险源污染事故应急监测预案,建立基于GIS平台的环境应急信息系统,增加现场及实验室仪器配置,并通过完善培训考核程序和系统化演练程序来加强应急监测队伍建设。     

模糊神经网络方法在船舶油污事故损害赔偿评估中的应用研究

针对船舶油污事故损害赔偿评估非线性系统的复杂性，分析了人工神经网络技术在该领域应用的可能性，并以20个国际油污基金公约所承认著名赔偿案例为例建立船舶油污事故的神经网络评估模型，该模型对中国船舶油污事故损害赔偿评估具有一定的参考实用价值，为中国船舶油污事故损害赔偿评估提供了一种新颖而方便的计算方法。     

Estimation of probabilities and likely consequences of a chain of accidents (domino effect) in Manali Industrial Complex

Chains of accidents (the domino effect) have been occurring with ever increasing frequency in chemical process industries. This is reflected in several accidents ‘J Loss Prevent Process Ind 12 (1999a) 361’; the world's worst industrial accident of the 1990s — the Vishakhpatnam disaster — also involved the domino effect ‘J Loss Prevent Process Ind 12 (1999a) 361; and Process Safety Prog 18 (1999b) 135’. Such chains of accidents have a greater propensity to cause damage than stand-alone accidents ‘Process Safety Prog 17(2) (1998a) 107; and J Loss Prevent Process Ind 12 (1999a) 361’.In order to assess the likelihood of occurrence of the domino effect and its damage potential, use of deterministic models in conjunction with probabilistic analysis is required. Recently we have proposed a systematic methodology called ‘domino effect analysis’ (DEA). A computer-automated tool, DOMIFFECT, has also been developed by us based on DEA ‘Process Safety Prog 17(2) (1998a) 107; Environment Model Software 13 (1998b) 163; and Risk assessment in chemical process industries: advanced techniques. Discovery Publishing House (1998c)’.This paper illustrates the application of DEA and DOMIFFECT to an industrial complex comprising 16 different industries. Out of 12 credible accident scenarios envisaged in three different industries — namely Madras Refineries Limited (MRL), UB Petrochemicals (UBP) and Indian Organic Chemicals Limited (IOCL), eight scenarios are likely to cause the domino effect. A further detailed analysis reveals that accidents in the storage of liquified petroleum gas and propylene and in the reflux drum units of MRL may cause domino effects. Similarly, propylene storage of UBP and monoethylene glycol storage of IOCL are also likely to cause domino effects. The impact of various chains of accidents has been forecast which reveals that in several cases the accidents may be catastrophic, harming the entire industrial complex of 16 industries. The study leads to the identification of ‘hot spots’ — units that pose the greatest risk — in turn forewarning the industries concerned and enabling them to prioritize and augment accident-prevention steps.     

隧道安全事故分析与安全施工措施探讨

全面分析隧道安全事故并根据事故原因提出相应的安全施工措施，对于隧道施工企业营造企业安全文化，提高企业管理水平，具有重要的现实意义。本文根据多年的施工管理经验，分析了隧道施工过程中常见的安全事故，提出了隧道安全施工的措施。     

Impact of improving vehicle front design on the burden of pedestrian injuries in Germany,the United States,and India

Objective: European car design regulations and New Car Assessment Program (NCAP) ratings have led to reductions in pedestrian injuries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of improving vehicle front design on mortality and morbidity due to pedestrian injuries in a European country (Germany) and 2 countries (the United States and India) that do not have pedestrian-focused NCAP testing or design regulations.

Methods: We used data from the International Road Traffic and Accident Database and the Global Burden of Disease project to estimate baseline pedestrian deaths and nonfatal injuries in each country in 2013. The effect of improved passenger car star ratings on probability of pedestrian injury was based on recent evaluations of pedestrian crash data from Germany. The effect of improved heavy motor vehicle (HMV) front end design on pedestrian injuries was based on estimates reported by simulation studies. We used burden of disease methods to estimate population health loss by combining the burden of morbidity and mortality in disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) lost.

Results: Extrapolating from evaluations in Germany suggests that improving front end design of cars can potentially reduce the burden of pedestrian injuries due to cars by up to 24% in the United States and 41% in India. In Germany, where cars comply with the United Nations regulation on pedestrian safety, additional improvements would have led to a 1% reduction. Similarly, improved HMV design would reduce DALYs lost by pedestrian victims hit by HMVs by 20% in each country. Overall, improved vehicle design would reduce DALYs lost to road traffic injuries (RTIs) by 0.8% in Germany, 4.1% in the United States, and 6.7% in India.

Conclusions: Recent evaluations show a strong correlation between Euro NCAP pedestrian scores and real-life pedestrian injuries, suggesting that improved car front end design in Europe has led to substantial reductions in pedestrian injuries. Although the United States has fewer pedestrian crashes, it would nevertheless benefit substantially by adopting similar regulations and instituting pedestrian NCAP testing. The maximum benefit would be realized in low- and middle-income countries like India that have a high proportion of pedestrian crashes. Though crash avoidance technologies are being developed to protect pedestrians, supplemental protection through design regulations may significantly improve injury countermeasures for vulnerable road users.     

Working conditions and sleepiness while driving among truck drivers

Objective: The objective of this study is to identify the role of working conditions as predictors of sleepiness while driving among truck drivers.

Methods: This was a cross-sectional study carried out among truck drivers who transported grains to Paranaguá Port, Paraná, Brazil. The truck drivers were interviewed and completed a self-administered questionnaire to collect data on sociodemographic and behavioral variables, working conditions, consumption of illicit psychoactive substances, and sleep patterns. Drivers were considered to be sleepy while driving if they reported a medium or high probability of napping while driving at night, during the daytime, or while stopped in traffic. The statistical analysis used logistic regression models progressively adjusted for age, behavioral variables, sleep duration, and other working conditions.

Results: In total, 670 male drivers, with a mean age of 41.9 (±11.1) years, were enrolled. The prevalence of sleepiness while driving was 31.5%. After model adjustments, the following working conditions were associated with sleepiness while driving: Distance from the last shipment of more than 1,000?km (odds ratio [OR]?=?1.54; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07–2.23) and a formal labor contract with a productivity-based salary (OR = 2.65; 95% CI, 1.86–3.78). Consumption of illicit psychoactive substances (OR = 1.99; 95% CI, 1.14–3.47) was also associated with sleepiness while driving.

Conclusions: Distance traveled and a formal labor contract with productivity-based earnings were the working conditions associated with sleepiness while driving, regardless of other working or behavioral characteristics, age, consumption of illicit psychoactive substances, and sleep duration.