气候环境实验室降雪环境模拟技术研究

目的建立实验室降雪环境模拟技术,为飞机等武器装备降雪环境适应性试验验证提供技术支持。方法基于对自然降雪和实验室模拟降雪机理的对比与分析,提出影响实验室内模拟降雪的关键因素,并结合理论分析和试验研究,得出实验室内模拟降雪环境的冷负荷计算方法和最优成雪的水粒直径。结果建立了实验室降雪环境模拟技术,采用该降雪环境模拟技术,降雪强度及降雪品质均满足飞机等武器装备降雪环境适应性试验验证需求。结论建立的降雪环境模拟技术切实有效,可用于实验室飞机等武器装备降雪环境适应性试验研究。     

Winter Hydrology and NO3− Concentrations in a Forested Watershed: A Detailed Field Study in the Adirondack Mountains of New York1

Abstract: More than 85% of NO₃^? losses from watersheds in the northeastern United States are exported during winter months (October 1 to May 30). Interannual variability in NO₃^? loads to individual streams is closely related to interannual climatic variations, particularly during the winter. The objective of our study was to understand how climatic and hydrogeological factors influence NO₃^? dynamics in small watersheds during the winter. Physical parameters including snow depth, soil temperature, stream discharge, and water table elevation were monitored during the 2007‐2008 winter in two small catchments in the Adirondack Mountains, New York State. Snowpack persisted from mid‐December to mid‐April, insulating soils such that only two isolated instances of soil frost were observed during the study period. NO₃^? export during a mid‐winter rain‐on‐snowmelt event comprised between 8 and 16% of the total stream NO₃^? load for the four‐month winter study period. This can be compared with the NO₃^? exported during the final spring melt, which comprised between 38 and 45% of the total four‐month winter NO₃^? load. Our findings indicate that minor melt events were detectable with changes in soil temperature, streamflow, groundwater level, and snow depth. But, based on loading, these events were relatively minor contributors to winter NO₃^? loss. A warmer climate and fluctuating snowpack may result in more major mid‐winter melt events and greater NO₃^? export to surface waters.     

起伏管道积水运动特征实验研究*

为研究油流携水过程中的积水运动特性,明确排除积水临界条件。以0#柴油、自来水为实验介质,利用内径（D）为50,80 mm,上倾倾角（β）为1°,5°,10°的水平-上倾实验环道,对表观油速（Uos）为0.25 m/s、无量纲水相高度（h/D）在0.5范围内,油流剪切作用下的管道积水运动特征进行实验。研究结果表明:积水流型随表观油速、无量纲水相高度、上倾倾角的增大由光滑分层流逐渐向波状分层流、液滴分层流过渡,其中表观油速影响最为显著;积水爬坡距离随表观油速增加而显著增加,随上倾倾角增大而减小,随无量纲水相高度减小而减小;实验说明弗劳德相似准则能较为准确地预测起伏管道中积水携带临界表观油速;由弗劳德相似准则预测可知,内径为489 mm管道积水排除的临界表观油速约为1.60 m/s,研究结果对减少管道内腐蚀有一定指导意义。     

新疆雪豹种群密度监测方法探讨

2004-2010年间,前后累计270多天,新疆雪豹研究小组在新疆北塔山、阿尔泰山、昆仑山、天山东部和托木尔峰地区20多个地点(山谷),对雪豹(Uncia uncia)的痕迹进行了全面调查,共计完成150多条样线,总长度接近190 km,痕迹数平均为1～3个·km-1.记录到的痕迹有粪团、嗅痕(气味标记)、足迹链、刨痕(刨坑)、爪痕、卧迹、毛发、尿迹、血迹、剩余食物(动物尸体)和吼声等.通过痕迹学的分析,初步掌握雪豹的领域范围、分布规律和相对密度.之后开展了红外相机拍摄、雪豹食物资源普查、市场毛皮调查、贸易通道调查、杀戮案件搜集、民间问卷调查、非政府组织(NGO)社区服务与牧业冲突调研等工作.同期布设红外相机36台,约2094个照相日,计50 256 h,回收胶卷71个,回收清晰雪豹照片32张,平均拍摄率或"捕获率"(capture rate)达1.53%.确定在托木尔峰250 km2范围内有5～8只雪豹活动,密度为2.0～3.2只·(100 km2)-1.在比较分析各种监测结果的基础上,讨论了新疆雪豹种群密度不同监测方法的优点与局限性.     

Relationships between dissolved and particulate carbohydrate temporal patterns and mucilaginous aggregates formation: evidences from time series analysis and biochemical composition of aggregates

A 3-year monitoring of dissolved and particulate carbohydrate concentrations in four transects located in the Adriatic and Tyrrhenian Seas was performed in order to get information on the role played by carbohydrates in the mucilage formation in these areas. The application of time series analysis pointed out that the concentration of dissolved carbohydrates does not vary significantly in coincidence of the mucilage appearance showing an almost constant state with respect to time. In contrast, wider temporal variations of carbohydrate amounts, either increase or decrease, were observed when mucilages were lacking or reduced. This almost constant state of carbohydrate amounts observed in presence of mucilages that we define 'steady state' could be associated to an alteration of the complex chemical equilibrium between synthesis and degradation (either hydrolysis or oxidation) reactions of the organic polymers which are typical of the humification processes in the marine environment. The results of this study suggest that the monitoring of carbohydrates can represent an useful tool for the comprehension of the most relevant phenomena of mucilage appearance in the Northern Adriatic Sea.     

新疆干旱区季节性积雪中黑碳气溶胶研究

利用中分辨率成像光谱仪（MODIS）遥感数据与2018年1月野外实测的28个雪样,综合分析新疆干旱区季节性积雪中黑碳气溶胶浓度（BC）分布特征与气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）等.利用HYSPLIT-4后向轨迹模式获取釆样点逐日的后向轨迹,分析BC的可能传输路径.结果表明：①北疆地区积雪覆盖率从11月份到次年1月份逐渐增加,冬季积雪覆盖率可达到97.5%,冬季AOD平均值为0.173,高值出现在天山北坡经济带区域与东部区域（0.2~0.35）,低值区域主要在阿勒泰地区（0.06~0.1）.②表层积雪的BC浓度范围为44.08~1949.9ng/g,平均值为536.71ng/g,BC浓度分布特征为：天山北坡经济带BC浓度（913.24ng/g） > 艾比湖东南部区域（816.56ng/g） > 艾比湖北部区域（421.94ng/g） > 艾比湖西部区域（407.97ng/g） > 克拉玛依区域（162.28ng/g） > 古尔班通古特沙漠区域（124.89ng/g） > 阿勒泰地区（98.51ng/g）.随着海拔升高积雪中BC浓度有微弱上升,相关系数R²为0.03,随着纬度增加积雪中BC浓度均呈下降趋势,R²为0.255.③艾比湖流域后向轨迹中以博乐-精河-艾比湖向东北方向输送路径为主,对采样点的BC浓度影响较大;天山北坡经济带区域主要以精河-石河子-乌鲁木齐的天山北坡城市群向东北输送路径为主,局地污染较为严重;阿勒泰地区的后向轨迹以俄罗斯南部-哈萨克斯坦北部-东哈萨克斯坦输送路径为主,局地污染贡献较少;克拉玛依区域主要来自哈萨克斯坦东部和西部向东方向的输送,局地污染不明显;沙漠区域主要以西南方向输送路径为主.     

基于GIS的路面积雪灾害风险分析与区划研究

以宁夏高速公路为对象,利用1981—2018年25个常规气象站观测资料及交通相关数据资料,基于GIS、AHP等方法,从致灾因子的危险性、孕灾环境的敏感性、承灾体的易损性三方面进行高速公路路面积雪灾害风险分析与区划研究。结果表明:全区年平均积雪日数在6.5~86.7d,年平均降雪日数在10.3~64.5d,最大积雪深度在8~35cm,自南向北减少(浅),南部山区明显多(深)于北部地区。路面积雪灾害主要出现在冬季、初春和晚秋,大到暴雪级的路面积雪主要出现在秋冬转换的10~11月和冬春交替的3~4月。风险分析与区划研究结果表明,高风险区位于福银高速(G70)、青兰高速(G22)六盘山区东南麓区段;较高风险区位于福银高速(G70)固原市原州区段、青兰高速(G22)固原市隆德西段段、固西高速、彭青高速路段;同心以北的银川市、石嘴山市、吴忠市各路段风险总体较低。     

藏北高原土壤温度异常变化及其与雪灾关系初析

通过对ＧＡＭＥ－Ｔｉｂｅｔ野外工作期间所得藏北高原一个年周期的土壤温度资料的初步分析,发现藏北高原１９９７￣１９９８年冬半年土壤日温差的分布存在明显的异常现象;指出了这种异常现象的发生可能与藏北高原１９９７年冬天的特大雪灾有关。从浅层土壤日温差的异常变化,定性地说明了藏北高原１９９７￣１９９８年冬半年不同地点雪灾的严重程度,但由于受资料的限制,目前尚无法进行定量的评估。     

A COMPARISON OF GEOSTATISTICAL METHODOLOGIES USED TO ESTIMATE SNOW WATER EQUIVALENT1

ABSTRACT: The need to monitor and forecast water resources accurately, particularly in the western United States, is becoming increasingly critical as the demand for water continues to escalate. Consequently, the National Weather Service (NWS) has developed a geostatistical model that is used to obtain areal estimates of snow water equivalent (the thtal water content in all phases of the snowpack), a major source of water in the West. The areal snow water equivalent estimates are used to update the hydrologic simulation models maintained by the NWS and designed to produce extended streamflow forecasts for river systems throughout the United States. An alternative geostatistical technique has been proposed to estimate snow water equivalent. In this research, we describe the two methodologies and compare the accuracy of the estimates produced by each technique. We illustrate their application and compare their estimation accuracy using snow data collected in the North Fork Clearwater River basin in Idaho.     

SNOWPACK CHANGES RESULTING FROM TIMBER HARVEST INTERCEPTION,REDISTRIBUTION, AND EVAPORATION1

ABSTRACT: Three processes were examined as causing snowpack changes in forest clearings. Two of the three contribute to increases and one counteracts by reducing snowpack. The two that increase snowpack are redistribution and decreased loss to interception. Snow evaporation from a clearing counteracts snowpack increases. Research has indicated that as vegetation density increases, so too does the loss to interception. As snow in the canopy reaches the limit that the canopy can hold (the threshold amount) evaporation increases. Aerodynamics of the forest canopy were studied as well. As timber is cut, wind patterns are disturbed, creating disruptions in the wind velocity gradient depositing snow in openings. This redistribution leads to an increased snow water equivalent and augments runoff. Snow evaporation was shown to increase proportionally with opening size. Evaporation offsets the water yield gains derived from forest cut. It was found that this offset is inclusive to the measurements of water yield changes in experimental forests. An optimal size of harvest block may be five tree heights in width as suggested by numerous studies.