Inorganic nitrogen transformations in the treatment of landfill leachate with a high ammonium load: A case study

The inorganic nitrogen transformations occurring at a municipal waste leachate treatment facility were investigated. The treatment facility consisted of a collection well and an artificial wetland between two aeration ponds. The first aeration pond showed a decrease in ammonium (from 3480 (± 120) to 630(± 90) mg ⋅ L⁻¹), a reduction in inorganic nitrogen load (3480 to 1680 mg N ⋅ L⁻¹), and an accumulation of nitrite (< 1.3 mg-N ⋅ L⁻¹ in the collection well, to 1030 mg-N ⋅ L⁻¹). Incomplete ammonium oxidation was presumably the result of the low concentration of carbonate alkalinity (∼2 mg ⋅ L⁻¹), which may cause a limitation in the ammonium oxidation rate of nitrifiers. Low carbonate alkalinity levels may have been the result of stripping of CO₂ from the first aeration pond at the high aeration rates and low pH. Various chemodenitrification mechanisms are discussed as the reason for the reduction in the inorganic nitrogen load, including; the reduction of nitrite by iron (II) (producing various forms of gaseous nitrogen); and reactions involving nitrous acid. It is suggested that the accumulation of nitrite may be the result of inhibition of nitrite oxidizers by nitrous acid and low temperatures. Relative to the first aeration pond, the speciation and concentration of inorganic nitrogen was stable in the wetlands and 2nd aeration pond. The limited denitrification in the wetlands most probably occurred due to low concentrations of organic carbon, and short retention times.     

Use of USLE/GIS Methodology for Predicting Soil Loss in a Semiarid Agricultural Watershed

The Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) is an erosion model to estimate average soil loss that would generally result from splash, sheet, and rill erosion from agricultural plots. Recently, use of USLE has been extended as a useful tool predicting soil losses and planning control practices in agricultural watersheds by the effective integration of the GIS-based procedures to estimate the factor values in a grid cell basis. This study was performed in the Kazan Watershed located in the central Anatolia, Turkey, to predict soil erosion risk by the USLE/GIS methodology for planning conservation measures in the site. Rain erosivity (R), soil erodibility (K), and cover management factor (C) values of the model were calculated from erosivity map, soil map, and land use map of Turkey, respectively. R values were site-specifically corrected using DEM and climatic data. The topographical and hydrological effects on the soil loss were characterized by LS factor evaluated by the flow accumulation tool using DEM and watershed delineation techniques. From resulting soil loss map of the watershed, the magnitude of the soil erosion was estimated in terms of the different soil units and land uses and the most erosion-prone areas where irreversible soil losses occurred were reasonably located in the Kazan watershed. This could be very useful for deciding restoration practices to control the soil erosion of the sites to be severely influenced.     

旱地长期定位施肥对土壤剖面硝态氮分布与累积的影响

在 １５ ａ长期定位试验基础上研究了黄土高原旱地长期施用不同用量和配比的氮、磷肥对土壤剖面中硝态氮分布和累积的影响。结果表明：长期大量施用氮肥,在土壤剖面 １００～１８０ ｃｍ之间形成硝态氮累积层,峰值出现在 １４０ ｃｍ处,最大值为 ６７．９２ｍｇ／ｋｇ（单施 Ｎ １８０ ｋｇ／ｈｍ~２）; 配合施用磷肥可以降低土壤剖面硝态氮质量分数,根据试验,提出了旱地合理施肥的氮磷肥用量。     

有机肥对土壤NO3--N累积的影响

长期定位试验和调查取样的结果表明,土壤中NO3--N的累积量随有机肥施用量的增加而增加,过量施用有机肥会引起2 m以下深层次土壤中NO3--N的大量累积。当有机肥和无机肥配合施用时,土壤中NO3--N的累积量随总施N量的增加而增加。有机肥对土壤NO3--N累积的影响和对地下水的潜在威胁不容忽视。     

On Differentiation of Water Bodies with Respect to 90Sr Accumulation by Fish

Russian Journal of Ecology -     

~（110m）Ag在鲤鱼体内的转移、积累与分布

为了探讨水中１１０ｍＡｇ在鲤鱼体内的行为，将鲤鱼喂养在１１０ｍＡｇ比活度为３．７×１０２Ｂｑ／Ｌ、３．７×１０３Ｂｑ／Ｌ、３．７×１０４Ｂｑ／Ｌ水中，于喂养后隔一定时间取样解剖，测各组织器官的放射性，结果表明，鲤鱼通过鳃和消化管将１１０ｍＡｇ很快吸收到体内，并随血液运输到全身各处，主要分布在软组织中。在相同喂养时间内，鱼体各组织器官１１０ｍＡｇ积累量随水中１１０ｍＡｇ比活度增加而增加。鳃、消化管、心脏、肌肉、骨骼等组织器官中１１０ｍＡｇ积累量随喂养时间呈单峰曲线变化；肝胰脏中１１０ｍＡｇ积累量随喂养时间则直线上升。它们对１１０ｍＡｇ的积累能力依次为：肝胰脏＞鳃＞消化管＞心脏＞肌肉＞骨骼。     

Simultaneous denitrifying phosphorus accumulation in a sequencing batch reactor

In order to achieve simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal in the biological treatment process, denitrifying phosphorus accumulation (DNPA) and its affecting factors were studied in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) with synthetic wastewater. The results showed that when acetate was used as the sole carbon resource in the influent, the sludge acclimatized under anaerobic/aerobic operation had good phosphorus removal ability. Denitrifying phosphorus accumulation was observed soon when fed with nitrate instead of aeration following the anaerobic stage, which is a vital premise to DNPA. If DNPA sludge is fed with nitrate prior to the anaerobic stage, the DNPA would weaken or even disappear. At the high concentration of nitrate fed in the anoxic stage, the longer anoxic time needed, the better the DNPA was. Induced DNPA did not disappear even though an aerobic stage followed the anoxic stage, but the shorter the aerobic stage lasted, the higher the proportions of phosphorus removal via DNPA to total removal. Translated from Environmental Science, 2004, 25(6): 92–96 [译自: 环境科学]     

深圳福田红树林对重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd 的吸收、累积与循环

研究了污水处理下红树林对Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd4种重金属元素的吸收、累积、分布和循环。结果表明 ,林地表层土壤 4种元素的储量关系为Zn >Pb >Cu >Cd ;对土壤中 4种重金属富集能力的大小依次为桐花树 >秋茄 >白骨壤。该群落中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd的现存累积量分别为 1 41 796、 4 55 967、1 2 2 0 2 2 4和 9 4 93mg/m2 ;年吸收量分别为 1 8 98、 1 6 4 3、 89 1 9和 0 39mg/m2 ;年归还量分别为 1 4 64、7 2 6、 59 2 9和 0 1 6mg/m2 ;年存留量分别为 4 33、 9 1 7、 2 9 2 0和 0 2 3mg/m2 ;周转期分别为 1 0、 63、 2 1和 58年。     

高强钢海洋环境应力腐蚀破裂敏感性的控制因素

首先在不同含碳量的CrMo系列钢上,就模拟海水中应力腐蚀抗力和破裂方式、屈服强度、晶界特性和晶内显微组织随含碳量和回火温度的变化关系进行综合测试分析,得出了碳化物分布尤其是原奥氏体晶界的碳化物微层对高强钢应力腐蚀破裂行为有控制作用的新观点。该观点在实用于装备的高强钢30Cr3SiNiMoV、37SiMnCrMoV和30CrMnSiA以及弹簧钢65Mn在各种环境的应力腐蚀和氢脆行为上得到了验证。