纳米银的生物分布及其影响因素研究进展

纳米银(AgNPs)以其独特的抗菌性能在生物医药和消费品中得到大量应用。然而,随着人类接触AgNPs的机会增多,AgNPs暴露的潜在危害也不容忽视。体内研究表明,AgNPs可以通过经口、呼吸、腹腔、静脉等途径进入机体,进而通过血液或淋巴液的流动分散到全身不同组织器官。而不同的暴露方式、暴露剂量、AgNPs粒径、表面包被和电荷以及暴露器官本身的特点可能对AgNPs在体内的分布与蓄积产生影响。因此,本文系统地总结了AgNPs进入生物体的途径及其在生物体内的组织分布,讨论了影响AgNPs体内生物分布和蓄积的因素。     

典型菜地土壤汞在小白菜和胡萝卜可食部位的富集规律

对广东省蔬菜种植面积较大的10个城市典型菜地土壤和蔬菜（小白菜和胡萝卜）对应采样,分析217个蔬菜可食部位中重金属汞（Hg）质量分数及对应土壤中Hg全量和有效态质量分数,研究大田条件下小白菜和胡萝卜可食部位富集Hg的规律。结果表明,广东省菜地土壤存在一定的Hg污染,约20％的土壤超过国家土壤环境质量标准（GBl5618－1995）中二级标准值,但小白菜和胡萝卜中Hg质量分数较低,均值分别为0．0012和0．0013mg·kg-1,仅2个小白菜样品Hg质量分数超过国家食品卫生标准《食品中污染物限量》（GB2762-2005）中的限值0．01mg·kg-1。TGA提取的土壤有效态Hg质量分数与土壤Hg全量显著正相关,TGA提取Hg量仅占土壤总Hg质量分数的3％-4％。小白菜和胡萝卜对Hg的富集系数分别为0．90％和0．94％,表明土壤中绝大部分的Hg不易转化迁移、为蔬菜吸收。小白菜和胡萝卜可食部位Hg质量分数与土壤中Hg全量和有效态质量分数均存在显著的线性关系,其中蔬菜与土壤Hg有效态质量分数的关系优于其与土壤Hg全量的关系。依据国家食品卫生标准,通过拟合回归方程计算出的保障小白菜和胡萝b质量安全的菜地土壤Hg有效态质量分数临界值分别为O．038和0．063mg·kg-1。计算出的土壤Hg全量临界值远大于我国现行土壤环境质量标准的二级标准值,表明该标准值对于保障广东省小白菜和胡萝b质量安全来说可能过于严格。     

桂林市土壤和蔬菜镉含量调查及食用安全性评估

对桂林市蔬菜和菜地土壤镉含量进行调查,评价其累积状况,并评估人体经食用蔬菜摄入镉的安全性。结果显示,桂林市菜地土壤镉含量空间变异较大,呈现西北部和西南部低、东北部和东南部高的分布特点;与背景样点相比,菜地土壤镉累积效应显著,土壤镉含量范围、中值、算术均值和几何均值分别为0.056～17.35、0.624、1.193和0.696 mg.kg-1,超标率为85.5%。蔬菜镉含量范围、中值和几何均值分别为0.09～663.2、29.4和29.2μg.kg-1(以鲜质量计),综合超标率为4.95%;叶菜类蔬菜镉含量显著高于根茎类和瓜果类,花菜、韭菜、大白菜、大葱、芋头、豆苗、萝卜、菠菜、大蒜和蕃茄的镉富集系数较低,抗镉污染能力较强。桂林市居民人均通过食用蔬菜的镉摄入量为9.08μg.d-1,对普通人群不存在明显的食用安全风险。     

重金属积累对土壤酶活性的影响

研究了华北平原某铅冶炼厂附近农田33个土壤样品中重金属积累对土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明,样品中Pb和Cd全量的平均值分别为144和5.59mg·kg-1,DTPA态Pb和Cd含量平均值分别为54.1和0.964mg·kg-1,均超过了未污染农田潮土的正常范围,而Cu、Ni和Zn的有效性和全量与未污染土壤接近;土壤过氧化氢酶活性与DTPA态Pb和Cd含量、全Pb含量均呈显著的负线性关系(P<0.01);与磷酸酶和脲酶相比,土壤脱氢酶活性更易受到土壤中Pb和Cd积累的影响;随DTPA-Ni含量增加,土壤蛋白酶和碱性磷酸酶活性增加(P<0.1);土壤脲酶活性与重金属全量或有效态重金属含量无显著相关性(P>0.1)。以上结果说明,利用土壤过氧化氢酶和脱氢酶活性能够表征基本性质较为一致的土壤中重金属污染程度;与重金属全量相比,有效态重金属对土壤酶活性影响更大。     

镇江市老城区不同功能区地表灰尘重金属污染评价

通过采集江苏省镇江市老城区的交通区、大市口广场、江滨公园、商业区、居民区、文教区等不同功能区地表灰尘共54个样品,对其Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni、Cr、Cd、Mn 7种重金属进行分析测定.结果表明,交通区Cu、Ni、Cr、Mn、Cd的平均含量要明显高于其它功能区,Zn的含量在文教区最高,Pb的含量在居民区最高.地累积指数评价表明交通区、文教区两个功能区中Cd达偏重度污染,文教区中Zn也达偏重度污染;潜在生态风险评价结果表明,交通区、大市口广场、文教区3个功能区的潜在生态风险指数均为中等生态危害;江滨公园、商业区、居民区3个功能区的潜在生态风险指数均为轻微生态危害.     

北京市房山区农田表观磷平衡分析

农田土壤养分的积累使潜在农业非点源污染负荷增加,为对农田磷素优化管理、水环境质量改善及环境政策制定提供科学依据,通过OECD土壤表观磷素平衡模型,以2001、2003、2005和2007年北京市房山区农田的磷素平衡核算框架和数据库为基础,结合GIS技术对该区域磷素平衡强度进行了分析.结果表明,化肥是房山区农田养分中磷素投入最重要的来源,化肥平均磷投入量随着时间的增加而增大,从2001年的111.34 kg·hm~(-2)增加到2007年的407.42 kg·hm~(-2),局部地区已远超过华北地区和全国平均水平.房山地区农田磷素输入总量和土壤表观磷平衡总量在2001-2007年表现为先降低后增加,而磷的输出量一直呈下降趋势;平均磷素投入量和平衡强度以较大速率逐年递增.区域表观磷素平衡量具有明显的空间变异特征,2001-2007年房山地区农田磷素盈余趋势表现为南高北低,中部和南部的磷素平衡强度一直在持续增加,特别是东南部和西南部地区增加速度较快.磷素平衡的驱动力的变化是造成磷素平衡空间差异得直接原因,总体表现为种植业驱动型盈余>双驱动型盈余>养殖业驱动型盈余.     

曝气充氧对排水管网液相硫化物累积影响研究

污水管道内硫化物的产生和逸散常引起恶臭、中毒和管道腐蚀等一系列管网问题,曝气充氧可以作为一种较为适用的控制污水管道内硫化氢产生和累积的方法.针对曝气充氧控制管网液相硫化物的方法,通过实验室批量实验,研究不同曝气条件对管道液相硫化物累积、碳源消耗等反应过程的影响.结果表明,曝气充氧主要通过氧化硫化物实现对液相硫化物浓度的有效控制,硫化物累积、碳源消耗受间歇曝气频率影响显著,相对间隔较短的充氧曝气方式,可以有效防止液相硫化物累积,并且消耗较少的有机碳源.     

Changes in methylmercury accumulation in the brain of rat offspring throughout gestation and during suckling

Higher methylmercury (MeHg) accumulation and susceptibility to toxicity in the fetus than in the mother at parturition is well known. However, the degree of MeHg accumulation in the brain during the late pregnancy period when the human brain is most vulnerable is not clear. In addition, changes in MeHg accumulation in the developing rat tissues with consecutive exposure throughout gestation and lactation periods have not been well studied. The purposes of this study were to evaluate the changes in MeHg accumulation in the brain and other tissues of the offspring, based on constant and consecutive doses of MeHg to mothers throughout gestation and lactation. Adult female rats were given a diet containing 5?ppm?Hg (as MeHg) for 8 weeks. Then they were mated and subsequently given the same diet throughout gestation and lactation. On embryonic days 18, 20, 22 and at parturition, the concentrations of Hg in the brains of the offspring were approximately 1.5–2.0 times higher than those in the mothers. On the other hand, during the suckling period Hg concentrations in the brain rapidly declined to about 1/10 of that during late pregnancy. Changes in MeHg accumulation in the blood and liver after parturition were similar to those in the brain. Thus, although mothers are subjected to constant and prolonged MeHg exposure throughout both the gestation and lactating periods, the risk to the offspring may be especially high throughout the late gestation period but rapidly decreases during the suckling period     

Gas–liquid chromatography for fenvalerate residue analysis: alterations in the ionic concentration and associated adinosine triphosphatases in fish,Cirrhinus mrigala (hamilton)

In the present study, an attempt has been made to quantify the fenvalerate accumulated in different tissues (gill, muscle and liver) and observe changes involved in the levels of sodium, potassium and calcium ions and Na⁺–K⁺, Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activities in the freshwater fish, Cirrhinus mrigala on short-term and long-term exposure to the median lethal and sublethal concentration of fenvalerate. Residue analysis using gas–liquid chromatography (GLC) technique revealed that fenvalerate accumulated in highest quantity in gill followed by liver and muscle under median lethal concentration (6?µg?L^?1). Whereas in sublethal concentration (0.6?µg?L^?1), muscle accumulated highest quantity followed by gill and liver, which might be due to the fact that fenvalerate is highly lyphophilic. The ion concentration and ATPase activity were found effected in fish exposed to lethal and sublethal concentrations of fenvalerate. Concentration of Na⁺, K⁺ and Ca²⁺ ions decreased in gill, muscle and liver on being exposed to median lethal concentration to a significant level. Whereas the changes were not highly pronounced at sub lethal level indicating low concentration of fenvalerate and its non-toxic effect at chronic exposure. Na⁺–K⁺, Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ ATPases activity were also found decreased in correspondence to the ionic change under median lethal and sub lethal concentrations in target tissues. This might have lead to behavioural changes and create wide-spread disturbance in the normal physiology, ultimately causing the death of the fish. The results suggest that in biomonitoring programmes, ions and associated ATPases can be a good diagnostic tool for fenvalerate toxicity.