杭州市郊蔬菜基地土壤和蔬菜中Pb、Zn和Cu含量的环境质量评价

对杭州市4个蔬菜基地土壤中Pb、Zn、Cu进行测定分析,利用不同的评价方法和标准来评价土壤重金属的环境质量状况,并在GIS软件平台下,通过克里格插值法分析了江干区蔬菜基地土壤-蔬菜重金属含量空间分布特征.结果发现蔬菜基地土壤中重金属含量超过自然背景值,未超过以国家土壤重金属环境质量标准,是符合无公害蔬菜基地的要求的;4个调查区中拱墅区土壤中重金属含量大于其它3区;江干区蔬菜基地土壤-蔬菜中重金属的空间变异很大;小白菜/小青菜中Zn和Cu的含量未超标,Pb则超标;2种蔬菜的富集系数均是Zn>Pb>Cu,小青菜Pb、Zn、Cu的富集系数和含量均大于小白菜,更易受到土壤中重金属的影响.     

Accumulation and Chemical Fractionation of Heavy Metals in Andisols after a Different, 6-year Fertilization Management (8 pp)

Goal, Scope and Background Andisols are widespread in Japan and have some special properties such as high anion exchange capacity, low bulk density, and high organic matter content, which might influence the accumulation or chemical fractionation of heavy metals. However, few such data exist in Japanese andisols. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the distribution and chemical fractions of Cu, Zn, Ni, and Cr in the soil profiles and subsequently to assess their potential environmental hazard. Materials and Methods Soil samples were taken from a field experiment conducted on Japanese andisols, which had received either swine compost or chemical fertilizers for 6 years. Concentrations of Cu, Zn, Ni, and Cr were determined for all of the obtained extract solutions by ICP-AES. Results and Discussion Considerably higher total concentrations of Cu and Zn were observed in the top 20 cm layer of the compost-amended soil, relative to the unfertilized soil, while chemical fertilizers had little effect. Application of the swine compost increased the concentrations of Cu and Zn, but not Ni and Cr, in all fractions in the top 20 cm layer. The greatest increase in the organically bound fraction (OM) Cu and dilute acid-exchangeable fraction (DAEXCH) Zn was observed. This suggests that Cu and Zn are potentially bioavailable and mobile in the andisol profiles after 6-year consecutive applications of the swine compost. On the other hand, distribution of Cu, Zn, Ni and Cr among various soil fractions was generally unaffected by chemical fertilizers. Conclusions We observed that 6-year consecutive applications of the swine compost led to an increase in total metals of Cu and Zn, as well as their all-chemical fractions, in the top 20 cm soil layers. Potential hazard of heavy metals, especially of Cu and Zn, as a result of the use of swine compost on andisols, must be taken into account. Recommendations and Outlook The long-term effect of the accumulation of heavy metals, particularly Cu and Zn, in various plant tissues and soils, as well as their potential risk to surface water via runoff and groundwater via leaching, needs to be carefully considered. Further investigations in the long-term experiments are therefore necessary. - Abbreviations. EXCH, exchangeable fraction of metals; DAEXCH, dilute acid-exchangeable fraction of metals; FeMnOX, iron and manganese-oxide-bound fraction; OM, organically-bound fraction; RESD, residual fraction. COMPOST, SRNF, RANF, and CONTROL stand for compost (from swine wastes), slow-release nitrogen fertilizer (coated urea), readily available nitrogen fertilizer (including NH4-N, P, and K fertilizers), and no fertilizer application, respectively.     

基于DGT技术的广西碳酸盐岩区稻米镉含量主控因素

为探究广西碳酸盐岩区水稻在地质高背景下影响稻米Cd富集的主控因素,以广西西南部和北部碳酸盐岩区水稻籽粒-根系土壤样品为基础,同时结合梯度扩散薄膜技术(DGT),分析讨论了土壤pH、有机质(OM)、阳离子交换量(CEC)和DGT-Cd等与水稻籽粒ω(rice-Cd)-BCF值的关系,通过主成分分析确定主要因素并建立定量模...     

Meter-scale variation within a single transect demands attention to taxon accumulation curves in riverine microbiome studies

● Riverine microbiomes exhibited hyperlocal variation within a single transect. ● Certain family-level taxa directionally associated with river center and bank. ● Taxon accumulation curves within a transect urges more nuanced sampling design. Microbial communities inhabiting river ecosystems play crucial roles in global biogeochemical cycling and pollution attenuation. Spatial variations in local microbial assemblages are important for detailed understanding of community assembly and developing robust biodiversity sampling strategies. Here, we intensely analyzed twenty water samples collected from a one-meter spaced transect from the near-shore to the near-center in the Meramec River in eastern Missouri, USA and examined the microbial community composition with 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Riverine microbiomes across the transect exhibited extremely high similarity, with Pearson’s correlation coefficients above 0.9 for all pairwise community composition comparisons. However, despite the high similarity, PERMANOVA revealed significant spatial differences between near-shore and near-center communities (p = 0.001). Sloan’s neutral model simulations revealed that within-transect community composition variation was largely explained by demographic stochasticity (R² = 0.89). Despite being primarily explained by neutral processes, LefSe analyses also revealed taxa from ten families of which relative abundances differed directionally from the bank to the river center, indicating an additional role of environmental filtering. Notably, the local variations within a river transect can have profound impacts on the documentation of alpha diversity. Taxon-accumulation curves indicated that even twenty samples did not fully saturate the sampling effort at the genus level, yet four, six and seven samples were able to capture 80% of the phylum-level, family-level, and genus-level diversity, respectively. This study for the first time reveals hyperlocal variations in riverine microbiomes and their assembly mechanisms, demanding attention to more robust sampling strategies for documenting microbial diversity in riverine systems.     

基于颗粒污泥的短程反硝化USB反应器启动和运行研究

在2个相同的USB反应器(R1无载体,R2采用多孔生物填料为载体)中构建了短程反硝化工艺,对R1和R2NO₃^--N→NO₂^--N转化性能、短程反硝化颗粒污泥物化特性、胞外聚合物(EPS)产生特性以及微生物功能菌群主要特征进行差异分析.结果表明,反应器运行81d,氮负荷(NLR)为1.2kg/(m³·d)时,NO₃^--N→NO₂^--N转化率(NTR) R2(85%)高于R1(80%);载体颗粒污泥(R2)沉降性能优于自固定化颗粒污泥(R1)且载体颗粒污泥(R2)更容易截留EPS,PN/PS值R1(1.29)>R2(1.15),污泥体积指数(SVI) R1(27.07mL/g MLSS)>R2(19.36mL/g MLSS);扫描电镜发现R1污泥表面聚集长杆菌,R2污泥表面聚集短杆菌和球菌,与R1相比R2颗粒污泥结构更加规则密实.微生物高通量测序结果表明,R2物种丰富度和多样性高于R1,变形菌门、拟杆菌门和绿弯菌门在短程反硝化系统中占主导地位,R1和R2主要NO₂^--N积累功能菌属均为Acinetobacter属(R1-59.18%、R2-46.04%)和Thauera属(R1-6.81%、R2-5.99%).     

黑色岩系地质高背景区土壤锌富集特征与环境活性

锌（Zn）既是生物体必需元素又是有害元素，在复合污染的情况下，Zn在植物吸收、转运和富集镉的过程中发挥着重要作用。以往研究主要关注镉的活性，忽略了Zn的环境活性。基于此，本研究以黑色岩系地质高背景区自然富Zn土壤为对象，重点研究了土壤Zn的活性态和潜在活性态，讨论了Zn活性的影响因素和环境意义。结果表明，研究区土壤Zn富集，平均含量可达457 mg/kg，80%的土壤样品超过我国农用地土壤污染风险筛选值。CaCl₂提取态Zn含量平均值为0.92 mg/kg，平均提取率仅为0.26%，说明研究区土壤Zn的生物活性低，且随着pH升高而降低。EDTA提取态Zn的平均含量为12.7 mg/kg，平均提取率为2.74%，潜在有效态比例也较低。活性态在潜在活性态中占比为7.63%，活化潜力较大，且随着土壤pH的升高而降低。研究区土壤溶液中Zn∶Cd比较低，可能有利于植物对镉的吸收。开展土壤Zn活性的研究，对理解复合污染区土壤镉的活性变化及调控具有重要意义。