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排序方式: 共有127条查询结果,搜索用时 78 毫秒
71.
S. J. Kalkhoff M. G. Detroy K. L. Cherryholmes R. L. Kuzniar 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1992,28(6):1001-1011
ABSTRACT: A hydrologic investigation to determine vertical and seasonal variation of atrazine, alachlor, cyanazine, and nitrate at one location and to relate the variation to ground-water movement in the Iowa River alluvium was conducted in Iowa County, Iowa, from March 1986 to December 1987. Water samples were collected at discrete intervals through the alluvial sequence from the soil zone to the base of the aquifer. Alachlor, atrazine, and cyanazine were detected most frequently in the soil zone but also were present in the upper part of the alluvial aquifer. Alachlor was detected sporadically, whereas, atrazine, cyanazine, and nitrate were present throughout the year. In the alluvial aquifer, the herbicides generally were not detected during 1986 and were present in detectable concentrations for only a short period of time in the upper 1.6 meters of the aquifer during 1987. Nitrate was present throughout the alluvium and was stratified in the alluvial aquifer. The largest nitrate concentrations were detected in the middle part of the aquifer. Nitrate concentrations were variable only in the upper 2 meters of the aquifer. Vertical movement of herbicides and nitrate in the soil correlated with precipitation and degree of saturation. A clay layer retarded vertical movement of atrazine but not nitrate from the soil layer to the aquifer. Vertical movement could not account for the chemical variation in the alluvial aquifer. 相似文献
72.
73.
Stefanie Trapmann Nestor Etxebarria Heide Schnabl Karl Heinz Grobecker 《Environmental science and pollution research international》1998,5(1):17-20
Chloroplast thylakoids are used as biological units to determine herbicides in different kinds of water samples as well as
in aqueous extracts of compost, soil or food samples. The thylakoid bioassy shows clearly inhibition of fluorescence yield
in the presence of photosystem II specific herbicides. Due to this method the ecotoxicological effect of samples with unknown
pollutants can be tested fast and cost effective. It has been proven that all photosynthetic active compounds are recorded
at the same time because only additive interactions occur. Therefore, the contamination level can be expressed as cumulative
parameter for photosystem II active substances. Application was improved clearly by the addition of the radical scavenger
sodium ascorbate to the isolation media and by a higher concentration of the measuring medium. A new data evaluation method
is described yielding in a lower detection limit of 0.4 μg diuron/1. The guidelines for the quality of water for human consumption
with an allowable concentration of pesticides in groups is 0,5 μg/1 [1,2] and can be controlled with the thylakoid bioassay
without performing any preconcentration steps. 相似文献
74.
甲黄隆,氯黄隆,苄嘧黄隆及其降解产物对蛋白核小球藻生长的效应 总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4
本文研究了甲黄隆、氯黄隆、苄嘧黄隆及其降解产物对蛋白核小球藻(Chlorellapyrenoidosa)的96h生长抑制急性毒性和化合物氮的生物可获得性。急性毒性试验表明:黄隆的毒性比其降解产物取代磺胺和氮杂环化合物大得多(EC_(50)相差2—3个数量级),降解产物取代磺胺、均三嗪、取代嘧啶存在明显的低浓度促进生长现象,氮的生物可获得性试验表明:小球藻能有效利用低浓度取代磺胺、均三嗪、取代嘧啶化合物中的氮促进生长,促进程度:氯磺胺>苄磺胺≈二甲氧基嘧啶>甲磺胺>均三嗪。 相似文献
75.
76.
Guang‐Guo Ying Brian Williams 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(2):121-141
Abstract Norflurazon, oxadiazon, oxyfluorfen, trifluralin and simazine are herbicides widely used in the vineyards of the Barossa Valley, South Australia. The leaching behaviour of norflurazon, oxadiazon, oxyfluorfen and trifluralin was investigated on four key soils in the Barossa Valley. Leaching potential on packed soil columns and actual mobility using intact soil columns were investigated. On the packed soil columns, norflurazon was the most leachable herbicide. More of the herbicides were detected in the leachates from the sandy soils (Mountadam and Nuriootpa) than from the clayey soils (Lyndoch and Tanunda). Organic matter is generally low in soils in the Barossa region. Porosity and saturated conductivity significantly affect herbicide movement and in the sandy Mountadam and Nuriootpa soils, the water flux is greater than for the higher clay content Lyndoch and Tanunda soils. Increasing the time interval between herbicide application and the incidence of “rainfall”; reduced the amounts of herbicides found in the leachates. The use of intact soil columns and including simazine for comparison showed that both norflurazon and simazine were present in the leachates. Simazine was the first herbicide to appear in leachates. Sectioning of the intact soil columns after leaching clearly demonstrated that norflurazon and simazine reached the bottom of the soil columns for all soils studied. Greater amounts of norflurazon were retained in the soil columns compared with simazine. The other herbicides were mostly retained in the initial sections of the soil columns. 相似文献
77.
Gang Xu Fasheng Li Qunhui Wang 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(2):165-171
The effects of two humic acids (HAs) of different origins on the photodegradation of the chloroacetanilide herbicides acetochlor, propisochlor and butachlor were investigated in this study. One of the tested HAs was a standard sample that was purchased from a commercial source, and the other was isolated from the black soil of Northeast China. The photolysis of all three herbicides followed pseudo-first-order kinetics under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation conditions, regardless of whether HAs were present or not. Both HAs improved the photolysis rates of acetochlor in a dose-reversed way, whereas they inhibited butachlor degradation under all experimental concentrations. The two HAs differed in their effects on propisochlor photolysis, changing from enhancement to inhibition, depending on the origin and concentration of HAs. Element and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy analyses showed that the isolated HAs had more polysaccharides and less aliphatic groups than the commercial HAs, and it was indicated that some characteristic radicals (C═O, O─H and phenolic hydroxyls) in HAs were involved in the photolysis of the herbicides. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analyses indicated that the presence of HAs had no effects on the photolysis pathway and photoproduct species of the three herbicides. 相似文献
78.
Dani Degenhardt Allan J. Cessna Renata Raina Dan J. Pennock Annemieke Farenhorst 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(1):11-24
Sulfonylurea herbicides are widely used in crop production on the Canadian prairies and a portion of these herbicides applied to cropland are inevitably lost to surrounding aquatic ecosystems. Little is known regarding the presence of sulfonylurea herbicides in wetlands located amongst cropland. This paper describes a new analytical method for the extraction and the determination of seven sulfonylurea herbicides (thifensulfuron-methyl, tribenuron-methyl, ethametsulfuron-methyl, metsulfuron-methyl, rimsulfuron, nicosulfuron and sulfosulfuron) in wetland sediment. The method provided > 85% analyte recovery from fortified sediment for six of the seven sulfonylurea herbicides with a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 1.0 μ g kg? 1. Tribenuron-methyl had significantly lower recovery compared to the other six sulfonylurea herbicides (LOQ = 2 μ g kg? 1). Mean recovery standard deviations were < 10%. This methodology was used to quantify sulfonylurea herbicide residues in sediment samples collected from prairie wetlands situated within the agricultural landscape of Saskatchewan and Manitoba, Canada. This is the first-known detection of sulfonylurea herbicide residues in prairie wetland sediments. Ethametsulfuron-methyl, sulfosulfuron and metsulfuron-methyl, the three most environmentally persistent of the seven sulfonylurea herbicides monitored in the surveillance component of this study, were most frequently detected in wetland sediment with mean concentrations ranging from 1.2 to 10 μ g kg? 1. 相似文献
79.
Angela Santilio Patrizia Stefanelli Roberto Dommarco 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(6):584-590
A fast, simple and inexpensive method has been developed for the analysis of phenoxy acid herbicides: 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA), 2-(4-chloro-o-tolyloxy)propionic acid (MCPP), 2-(4-aryloxyphenoxy)propionic acid (Fluazifop) and 2-(4-aryloxyphenoxy)propionic acid (Haloxyfop) in carrots and apples by liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). The compounds were analyzed by QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, safe) methodology without cleanup. The recoveries were performed at two spiked levels (0.05 and 0.5 mg/kg) for both matrices with six replicates for each level. The mean recoveries ranged from 70–92% for both apples and carrots. The precision of the method expressed as relative standard deviation (RSD%) was found to be in the range 3–15%. For all compounds, good linearity (r2 > 0.99) was obtained over the range of concentration from 0.05 μ g/mL to 0.5 μ g/mL, corresponding to the pesticide concentrations of 0.05 mg/kg and 0.5 mg/kg, respectively. The determination limits (LOQs) ranged from 0.01 ng/mL to 1.3 ng/mL in solvent, whereas, the LOQs calculated in matrix ranged from 0.05 ng/g to 21.0 ng/g for apples and from 0.06 ng/g to 10.2 ng/g for carrots. The developed methodology combines the advantages of both QuEChERS and LC/MS/MS producing a very rapid, sensitive and cheap method useful for the routine analytical laboratories. 相似文献
80.
《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(1):201-206
Abstract Tomato is considered one of the most sensitive crops regarding 2,4-D drift. In many cases, such susceptibility has led to important restrictions in the use of 2,4-D based products. Field experiments were carried out for two consecutive years in tomato, by applying sublethal doses of 2,4-D (ranging from 0.42 to 13.44 g a.i. ha?1) directly to plants, at different stages of growth, as a simulation of eventual drifts to the crop. The range of rates was based on the assumption of a 0.0625–2.0% drift level of a 1 L ha?1 of the most common formulated herbicides. For this crop, the range of rates between 0.42 and 13.44 g a.i ha?1 applied at the beginning of flowering caused a linear crop reduction. On the other hand, rates ≤13.44 g a.i. ha?1 applied after full development of fourth truss stage or latter had no effect on crop yield or development. For tomato, tolerance to 2,4-D strongly increases with plant age. 相似文献