基于Monte-Carlo法的瑶寨隧道岩体结构性质评价

本文以瑶寨隧道为研究对象,结合现场地质分析与结构面统计,以Monte-Carlo法为基础,对该隧道各测线不同等级围岩分别进行结构面网络模拟,评价遂道岩体的结构性质,并进行工程岩体分类,估算其力学参数,以为采取合适的围岩支护方式提供依据。     

GC/MS法测定生物样品中多溴联苯醚类化合物

本研究建立了多溴联苯醚（PBDEs）生物样品分析方法,获得了优化的前处理条件、气相色谱和质谱检测条件.对定性定量方法及实验条件必须满足的要求进行了评价.通过质量控制（quality control, QC）对整个方法进行了验证.结果证明,本研究所建立的分析方法满足生物样品PBDEs测定的要求,回收率在50.5%～112.3%之间,回收率相对标准偏差在5.3%～9.9%之间,方法检测限在7.1～161.8 pg/g之间.在建立的方法基础上,测定了部分养殖和野生鱼类样品,测得的野生鳜鱼和鲫鱼以及2个养殖鲈鱼样品的结果分别为1.53、1.11、5.31和6.15 ng/g(干重),其中主要的同族体为BDE47.     

湘潭市酸雨污染状况、化学组成及其防治对策

根据2001—2005年湘潭市城区降水环境质量监测数据，对湘潭城区酸性降水的变化特征、离子化学组成、变化趋势和酸雨成因进行了分析。“十五期间”湘潭市区酸雨频率在50％以上，pH值平均范围在4．56—4．91，属重酸雨区；SO4^2-／NO3^-比值为4．93～6．13，属典型硫酸型；湘潭城区酸雨有明显的季节变化规律，春季和冬季酸雨出现的频率最多，秋季最少；酸雨分布没有明显的地区差异。依据相关系数法检验，湘潭市的酸雨从总体上看污染趋势无显著性变化，呈现相对稳定状态。     

Mechanism of lead immobilization by oxalic acid-activated phosphate rocks

Lead (Pb) chemical fixation is an important environmental aspect for human health. Phosphate rocks (PRs) were utilized as an adsorbent to remove Pb from aqueous solution. Raw PRs and oxalic acid-activated PRs (APRs) were used to investigate the effect of chemical modification on the Pb-binding capacity in the pH range 2.0-5.0. The Pb adsorption rate of all treatments above pH 3.0 reached 90%. The Pb binding on PRs and APRs was pH-independent, except at pH 2.0 in activated treatments. The X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed that the raw PRs formed cerussite after reacting with the Pb solution, whereas the APRs formed pyromorphite. The Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy analysis indicated that carbonate (CO₃^2-) in raw PRs and phosphate (PO₄^3-) groups in APRs played an important role in the Pb-binding process. After adsorption, anomalous block-shaped particles were observed by scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data further indicated that both chemical and physical reactions occurred during the adsorption process according to the binding energy. Because of lower solubility of pyromorphite compared to cerussite, the APRs are more effective in immobilizing Pb than that of PRs.     

Dyes adsorption using a synthetic carboxymethyl cellulose-acrylic acid adsorbent

Removal of noxious dyes is gaining public and technological attention. Herein grafting polymerization was employed to produce a novel adsorbent using acrylic acid and carboxymethyl cellulose for dye removal. Scanning electron microscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy verified the adsorbent formed under optimized reaction conditions. The removal ratio of adsorbent to Methyl Orange, Disperse Blue 2BLN and malachite green chloride reached to 84.2%, 79.6% and 99.9%, respectively. The greater agreement between the calculated and experimental results suggested that pseudo second-order kinetic model better represents the kinetic adsorption data. Equilibrium adsorptions of dyes were better explained by the Temkin isotherm. The results implied that this new cellulose-based absorbent had the universaiity for removal of dyes through the chemical adsorption mechanism.     

城区地表径流面源污染和河道水环境治理的研究

河流为人类提供了多样的生态服务功能,然而城市化对河流生态系统健康状况造成严重的影响。随着点源污染的有效管理控制,非点源污染降雨径流己成为造成城市地表水环境污染的主要原因。为了改善河道水质,引调清水激活城市内河水体,提高河道的水环境自净能力,有效改善城市水环境。文章以南京河西水系为例,利用Saint-Venant方程组对水系建立一维水动力模型,并通过汇流结点水位法对方程组进行数值求解;对WASP5水质模型进行二次开发用于水质模拟;建立水质模型和一维河网水动力模型的耦合模型,将水动力模型计算所得到的水动力参数耦合到WSAP5水质模型中,模拟降雨过程以及引调清水过程的河网各河段的水质变量浓度,得出降雨径流对河流的污染程度以及引清冲污措施对河流水质改善的效果并优化调水过程。     

近年来昆明关上点降水酸度浅析

昆明市关上点历年降水均偏酸性，且近年来酸雨频次有所增多，频率有所增高，主要是昆明市地形地貌、气候特征、土壤酸度及废气排放中酸性物质排放量逐年上升所致。     

过程模拟法在清洁生产研究中的应用

以醋酸清洁生产为例，介绍了过程模拟法在清洁生产研究中的应用。利用现代过程模拟技术，可在较小人力、物力投入的前提下，获得更多的系统信息，有利于清洁生产工艺的确定及操作参数的优化。     

玉溪市中心城区酸雨变化趋势分析

以1991年至2000年实测数据为依据，揭示了玉溪市中心城区10年来酸雨的变化规律及其发展趋势。     

水体微型生物群落参数与水质指标相关性的研究

利用聚氨酯泡沫塑料块(简称PFU)对清华园内某一连续水体中的微型生物群落的变化进行了观测.所研究的微型生物主要包括细菌、真菌、藻类和原生动物,此外也包括一些小型的后生动物,如轮虫等.所考察的水质指标主要有:水温,pH值,DO,COD_Mn,TN,TP以及叶绿素a含量等,并对水体的富营养化程度进行评价,采用层次分析-主要成分分析营养度法(AHP-PCA法)计算出综合营养指数TLI_c值.试验结果表明水体微型生物群落参数(如S_ep,G,T_90%和HI)和水质指标(如TLI_c)之间具有良好的相关性.