负载壳聚糖膨润土的制备及其吸附性能的影响

以天然膨润土和壳聚糖为原料,制得一种新型水处理剂——负载壳聚糖膨润土,研究了制备条件对酸性大红印染废水处理效果的影响。实验表明,当壳聚糖的浓度为30 g/L、膨润土质量与壳聚糖溶液体积之比为0.7、浸泡时间80 min、微烘时间15 min时,壳聚糖改性膨润土对酸性大红印染废水的脱色率可达97%。对改性土进行比表面积测定、电镜扫描及X-射线衍射等结构特性分析,证明壳聚糖的引入改变了膨润土在水中的分散状态,增强了其对污染物的吸附和离子交换能力。     

氯酚与富里酸的缔合作用

本文用超滤膜方法证实氯酚与富里酸之间存在缔合作用,并计算出表观缔合常数在２．７＊１０＾３－－１２１＊１０＾３ｍｌ．ｇ＾－１范围内。实验结果表明”ＰＨ、富里酸含量,氯酚取代氯原子个数都能够影响Ｋ值的大小。     

利用原生质体诱变技术筛选脱落酸高产菌株

以葡萄孢属TB-3菌株为出发菌株制备其原生质体．在纤维素酶浓度为20g／L,蜗牛酶浓度为3g／L的酶解系统中,25℃酶解3h,其原生质体制备数可达67×105mL-1,在KYM上的再生率为46．1％,在KPDA上的再生率为33．6％,经过3轮原生质体紫外线诱变后回复再生,及对大量再生突变株进行发酵筛选,获得高产稳定株TB－3H8,其发酵液中ABA的质量浓度可达1．4g／L     

Effects of Acid Rain on Competitive Releases of Cd, Cu, and Zn from Two Natural Soils and Two Contaminated Soils in Hunan, China

Leaching experiments of rebuilt soil columns with two simulated acid rain solutions (pH 4.6–3.8) were conducted for two natural soils and two artificial contaminated soils from Hunan, south-central China, to study effects of acid rain on competitive releases of soil Cd, Cu, and Zn. Distilled water was used in comparison. The results showed that the total releases were Zn>Cu>Cd for the natural soils and Cd>Zn≫Cu for the contaminated soils, which reflected sensitivity of these metals to acid rain. Leached with different acid rain, about 26–76% of external Cd and 11–68% external Zn were released, but more than 99% of external Cu was adsorbed by the soils, and therefore Cu had a different sorption and desorption pattern from Cd and Zn. Metal releases were obviously correlated with releases of TOC in the leachates, which could be described as an exponential equation. Compared with the natural soils, acid rain not only led to changes in total metal contents, but also in metal fraction distributions in the contaminated soils. More acidified soils had a lower sorption capacity to metals, mostly related to soil properties such as pH, organic matter, soil particles, adsorbed SO₄ ²⁻, exchangeable Al³⁺ and H⁺, and contents of Fe₂O₃ and Al₂O₃.     

Biofilm structure and its influence on clogging in drip irrigation emitters distributing reclaimed wastewater

Using reclaimed wastewater for crop irrigation is a practical alternative to discharge wastewater treatment plant effluents into surface waters.However,biofouling has been identified as a major contributor to emitter clogging in drip irrigation systems distributing reclaimed wastewater.Little is known about the biofilm structure and its influence on clogging in the drip emitter flow path.This study was first to investigate the microbial characteristics of mature biofilms present in the emitters and the effect of flow path structures on the biofilm microbial communities.The analysis of biofilm matrix structure using a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that particles in the matrix of the biofilm coupled extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) and formed sediment in the emitter flow path.Analysis of biofilm mass including protein,polysaccharide and phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) showed that emitter flow path style influenced biofilm community structure and diversity.The correlations of biofilm biomass and discharge reduction after 360 h irrigation were computed and suggest that PFLAs provide the best correlation coefficient.Comparatively,the emitter with the unsymmetrical dentate structure and shorter flow path (Emitter C) had the best anti-clogging capability.By optimizing the dentate structure,the internal flow pattern within the flow path could be enhanced as an important method to control the biofilm within emitter flow path.This study established electron microscope techniques and biochemical microbial analysis methods that may provide a framework for future emitter biofilm studies.     

南京江北酸雨分布特征及其与气象条件的关系

通过对南京江北区降水酸性及成分进行了全面系统的测定和分析,发现南京江北酸雨大大重于市区,并具有秋高春低,雨水离子浓度高,电导值大,强酸度与高发率同时出现等明显分布特征。气象条件影响主要表现为:大气降水量、气温和相对湿度与酸雨pH和电导值呈反相关,与酸雨频率呈正相关;大气压强与酸雨pH和电导值呈正相关,与酸雨频率呈反相关;风向风速对酸性污染物输送具有明显的引导作用;冬春季节沙尘和灰霾天气入侵对酸雨具有减缓效应。     

无机离子对磷钨酸光催化活性艳橙脱色降解的影响

报道了10种无机离子(NO3-,SO42-,CO32-,PO43-,Cl-,Mg2+,Ca2+,Cu2+,Mn2+和Al3+)对磷钨酸光催化活性艳橙(KGN)溶液反应的影响.研究表明,NO3-,SO42-,CO32-和PO43-对光催化KGN溶液降解有一定的促进作用,但随着NO3-浓度的增大,该促进作用不再增大;SO24-和CO23-在不同浓度下对光催化反应有较强的促进作用,但随着SO42-和CO32-浓度的增长,其促进作用呈降低趋势;当PO34-浓度高于0.15mmol.l-1时,随着PO34-浓度的增大,光催化反应发生抑制,并且随着浓度的增长,抑制作用有增强的趋势;Cl-对光催化脱色反应存在较强的抑制作用,除在0.075mmol.l-1的浓度时,Cl-对反应无明显影响外,其它浓度下都使光催化反应发生抑制,并且随着Cl-浓度的增加,抑制作用明显增强.Mg2+和Ca2+在不同浓度下对磷钨酸光催化KGN反应略微有促进作用;Cu2+对活性艳橙光催化脱色反应影响不显著;而Mn2+和Al3+离子对光催化反应效率存在一定抑制作用.     

应用脂肪酸甲酯淋洗去除土壤中多环芳烃

针对煤气厂土壤等高浓度多环芳烃污染土壤修复困难的现实,采用易生物降解的新型淋洗剂脂肪酸甲酯淋洗修复高浓度多环芳烃污染的土壤,同时进行了以甲醇、植物油(大豆油)作为淋洗剂的淋洗实验,比较不同淋洗剂的淋洗效果.结果证明脂肪酸甲酯对人工模拟污染土壤中蒽、荧蒽、芘、苯并(a)芘的去除率可以达到80%—95%,对煤气厂土壤中多环芳烃的去除效果也非常明显,总多环芳烃的去除率达到41%.脂肪酸甲酯的淋洗效果要优于其它两种淋洗剂.     

Method of Testing the Penetration of Acid Solutions Through Safety Gloves

Because they cause burns that are difficult to heal, acids are dangerous, and steps should be taken to ensure that the human skin does not come into contact with them. For this purpose safety gloves are generally used by workers who have to handle acids. Such gloves need to be tested to ensure that they are acid resistant. Standard EN 374 (European Committee for Standardization [CEN], 1993c) specifies a method of testing the permeation of liquid chemicals, on a molecular level, through glove material, but it may be difficult to ensure the fitness of the joints of a two-compartment cell, when gloves are lined with jersey. To deal with this a simple pH-meter method to test the permeation of acid and alkali solutions through safety gloves has been developed. The permeation of H₂S0₄, HCI, HN0₃, and CH₃COOH through gloves made from neoprene, nitrile, and PVC was tested. This method seems to be simple and economical.     

腐殖酸对砂质土壤吸附Cr(VI)的影响

利用系列摇瓶振荡实验,研究了在砂质土壤介质中腐殖酸(HA)对Cr(VI)还原作用及增强土壤表面对其吸附的影响.通过改变反应接触时间、pH值、HA投加量等条件,确定了最佳吸附反应条件.结果表明:砂质土壤中存在HA时,可使Cr(VI)还原为毒性较小的Cr(Ⅲ),明显增强土壤对可溶态Cr离子的吸附能力,比同等条件下无HA的土壤吸附量增大1倍以上.一般整个反应过程约8 h即可达到稳定.pH值对Cr的还原和吸附有很大的影响,酸性条件下的吸附量比碱性条件可增大1倍,最佳pH值为2～4;当pH＞5时吸附能力急剧下降,pH=10时吸附去除量降为20%.有HA存在时砂质土壤土对Cr(VI)的吸附反应为一级动力学反应,K298=0.033 5 min-1,砂土对CrO2-4的等温吸附曲线较好地满足Langmuir公式.