Effect of acidic deposition on productivity of forest ecosystem and estimation of its economic losses in southern suburbs of Chongqing

In accordance with principle sand methods of ecology,this paper studied the effects of acidic deposition on productivity and volume increment of masson pine and Cinnamomum campora forest which are widely distributed in southern suburbs of Chongqing. Based on the field data and measurements, a multivariable stepwise regression model was established to analyze the effects of multiple environmental factors on the productivity of the forest ecosystems. This model was used to assess the volume and economic losses of these two forest ecosystems caused by acidic deposition. The results showed that, among the environmental factors, pH value of precipitation, soil depth, soil organic contents and slope are the dominant ones influencing the growth of masson pine forest. It is also shown that the acidic deposition has no clear relation to the growth of C.Campora forest, so development of such broad-leaved forest is suitable in the area.     

酸沉降对重庆南岸马尾松针叶林年生物生产量的影响及其经济损失的估算

利用生态学方法研究了酸沉降对重庆南岸马尾松针叶林和樟树阔叶林年生物生产量及年材积生长量的影响．在野外调查观测的基础上，用多元逐步回归法分析了诸多环境因子对两种森林生态系统年生物生产量的影响，并估算了酸沉降引起的重庆南岸（酸雨严重危害地区）马尾松针叶林的年材积损失量和生态经济损失值．结果表明，在诸多环境因子中，土壤有机质含量、降水ｐＨ值、土层厚度及坡度是影响马尾松针叶林生长的主导因子，其与生物量的相关系数分别为０．９９４０、０．９７６２、０．９７３８、０．９４３６．由此引起的重庆南岸马尾松针叶林的直接经济损失达３０３．３２万元／ａ；酸沉降对樟树阔叶林无显著影响，建议在该地区发展樟树阔叶林．     

中国PM2.5污染状况和污染特征的研究

近１０ 余年来在中国的城市地区和清洁地区进行了ＰＭ２－５ 的采集和分析，其中包括ＰＭ２－５ 的质量浓度、离子和元素成分、酸度和酸化缓冲能力以及来源解析，研究结果表明，中国大部分地区ＰＭ２－５ 的污染较重，不论是质量浓度，还是各种主要成分浓度，在ＴＳＰ 和ＰＭ１０ 中都占有很高的比重，而ＰＭ２－５ 的酸度也远远高于ＴＳＰ 和ＰＭ１０ ，特别是近年来ＰＭ２－５ 污染还有相对加剧的趋势     

Effects of alkaline ameliorator additions on the acidic buffering abilities of aluminum-rich alfisols

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Testing the validity of a critical sulfur and nitrogen load model in southern Ontario, Canada, using soil chemistry data from MARYP

The validity of a steady-state massbalance model (Arp et al., 1996; referred to asARP) was tested using physicochemical soil data fromthe Monitoring Acid Rain Youth Program (MARYP). FourARP sites were matched with ten MARYP sites accordingto proximity, bedrock type and subsoil pH to test thevalidity of the ARP model for critical loadexceedances. Soil solution pH, base concentration andAl concentration from MARYP sites, which were wellmatched to ARP sites, validated the modelled criticalload exceedances. Higher exceedance areas wereassociated with more acidic pH and lower base andhigher Al concentrations from matched MARYP sites andvice versa. One ARP site was inappropriately matchedwith MARYP sites and could not be validated using baseand Al concentrations. This study also confirmed thesouthern limit of the zero critical load exceedanceisopleth from the model. However, variability of theother exceedance isopleths was noted due to thelimited number of sites used in the model. Thevalidation of these sites in the ARP model and thezero critical load exceedance isopleth nonethelessallows greater confidence in using this model as amanagement tool for acidic deposition.     

附着微生物黄铁矾回流对不同温度酸性硫酸盐体系亚铁氧化及总铁沉淀的强化效果

氧化亚铁硫杆菌(A.ferrooxidans)生物氧化Fe2+与石灰中和相耦合是一种具有发展潜力的酸性矿山废水处理工艺.在Fe2+生物氧化段提高Fe2+氧化与总Fe沉淀效率是调控此类废水高效处理的关键步骤,且该阶段常伴有黄铁矾等次生铁矿物的合成.本研究通过摇瓶实验,在p H约2.50的K2SO4(8 mmol·L-1)-Fe SO4(160 mmol·L-1)-H2O酸性硫酸盐体系中按约3×105cells·m L-1的浓度接入A.ferrooxidans,在15℃和30℃两个温度水平下,探究附着微生物的黄钾铁矾回流对体系Fe2+生物氧化与总Fe沉淀行为的影响.结果表明,15℃条件下培养至144h,体系p H变化至2.40,Fe2+氧化率和总Fe沉淀率分别仅为46.7%和12.2%.当体系接入附着微生物黄钾铁矾10 g·L-1时,体系Fe2+在132h即可完全氧化.144 h时,体系p H降低至2.24,总铁沉淀率为25.3%.30℃条件下体系Fe2+在72 h完全氧化,p H变化至1.89,总Fe沉淀率为34.3%.当体系接入回流的黄钾铁矾10 g·L-1时,体系Fe2+完全氧化时间缩短至60 h,p H降低至1.85,总Fe沉淀率为37.3%.本研究不同处理体系所得次生铁矿物均为黄钾铁矾,附着微生物黄铁矾回流对15℃环境所得黄钾铁矾形貌影响不大,均为粘附紧密、表面光滑的晶体形貌.而30℃环境中,附着微生物黄铁矾回流却使得原本较为分散、晶型棱角明显的黄铁矾晶体结构变得紧密而光滑.本研究结果可为酸性矿山废水处理提供一定的参数支撑.     

酚醛树脂废水的回收预处理

酚醛树脂生产废水含酚量和含醛量都较高,采用酸性缩聚法或碱性缩聚法处理,能大大降低酚和醛的含量,而且能回收到一定量的树脂.     

活性炭表面酸性含氧官能团对吸附甲醛的影响

利用Bothem滴定法测定了化学浸渍处理的活性炭表面酸性含氧官能团浓度,研究表面酸性含氧官能团对甲醛吸附的效应。结果表明,HNO3浸渍处理能有效增大活性炭表面的羧基、酚羟基和内酯基浓度;H2O2浸渍处理主要增大了活性炭表面的酚羟基浓度;随着NaOH浓度的增大,活性炭表面的酚羟基、内酯基和羰基浓度大致呈先增大后减小的趋势,这是由于NaOH的化学清洗作用和酸碱中和反应所致;HNO3浸渍处理的活性炭表面的酸性含氧官能团浓度显著超过NaOH、H2O2浸渍处理的活性炭,而30%(质量分数)NaOH浸渍处理的活性炭和30%(体积分数)H2O2浸渍处理的活性炭吸附甲醛的饱和时间比HNO3浸渍处理的活性炭吸附甲醛最大饱和时间分别多4.0、1.5 h,说明酚羟基能够显著影响活性炭吸附甲醛的效果。     

印制电路板酸性蚀刻废液的膜电解再生

高度精细化线路和高层数印制电路板产量的增加,导致酸性蚀刻废液的排放量越来越大,对环境的负荷也随之增大.介绍了酸性蚀刻废液膜电解再生的基本原理,进行了中试规模的应用研究,并与其他电解再生方法进行技术与经济比较分析.结果表明,在槽电压为5V、电解时间为2h的条件下,酸性蚀刻废液的氧化还原电位由480 mV升至540mV,所...     

Changes in the chemical composition of water-extractable organic matter during composting: distribution between stable and labile organic matter pools

Aerobic decomposition and stabilization of organic matter during the composting of waste materials is primarily due to the biochemical transformation of water-soluble compounds in the liquid phase by the microbial biomass. For this reason water-soluble organic matter represents the most active fraction of compost, both biologically and chemically, and thus should directly reflect the biochemical alteration of organic matter. This work aims to elucidate the microbial-mediated processes responsible for the distribution of soluble organic matter between stable and labile pools with composting time. Accordingly, chemical analysis as well as UV absorption, and ¹H and ¹³C-NMR spectroscopy of samples collected during the industrial composting of urban waste revealed microbial induced transformation of water-extractable organic matter over time. The chemical composition changed from labile, hydrophilic, plant-derived organic compounds in the beginning to predominately stable, hydrophobic moieties comprising lignin-derived phenols and microbially-derived carbohydrates at later stages of composting.