中国华北地区冬季大气污染物航空测量(Ⅱ)——空中大气气溶胶污染特征研究

大气气溶胶在酸性降水中的作用非常重要。在“八五”期间酸性降水的研究中，进行了华北地区冬季空中大气气溶胶污染特征的分析和研究，填补了国内外相关研究领域的空白。结果表明，华北地区冬季空中大气气溶胶污染比较严重，形成了浓度与地面相近的空中污染区域，大气气溶胶主要来源于煤炭燃烧等人为过程。同时大气气溶胶具有较强的酸性，有利于酸性降水的形成     

用曝气-中和法处理煤矿井下酸性废水

采用曝 气 中 和法处理 江西天河 煤矿井 下酸 性废 水。该 法具 有工 艺简 单、操作 方便 、处 理成本低、污染物去 除率高等 特点     

Glial fibrillary acidic protein in amniotic fluids from pregnancies with fetal neural tube defects

The glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is the subunit protein of intermediate filaments in astrocytes and closely related cell types. By means of an enzyme immunoassay we have determined the concentration of GFAP in amniotic fluids from normal pregnancies and from pregnancies complicated by various fetal malformations. The group of 20 cases of fetal anencephaly had a significantly higher mean amniotic fluid GFAP concentration (115 μg/1±133.6 (S.D.), range 6–378 μg/1) than the control group of 117 normal pregnancies (13 μg/1k±5.5 (S.D.), range 0–31 μg/1), (P<0.001). Two cases of fetal encephalocele likewise had very high amniotic fluid GFAP concentrations. None of the other cases of fetal malformations investigated, including 12 cases of spina bifida, had increased amniotic fluid GFAP concentrations. We conclude that determination of the amniotic fluid GFAP concentration may give additional information in the prenatal diagnosis of fetal nervous system malformations.     

Wet deposition chemistry studies at Suva, Fiji, a remote tropical island site in the south Pacific

A field project encompassing wet-only rainwater sampling was initiated as a bilateral Fiji/Australia activity. Normally, biweekly samples were collected, using a wet-only rainwater sampler, and analysed for H⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, NH₄ ⁺, Cl^–, NO₃ ^–, SO₄ ^2–, PO₄ ^3-, methane sulphonic acid, oxalic acid, formic acid and acetic acid. The pH of the rainwater ranged between 5.730 and 4.480 with an average value of 5.176, slightly lower than the pH of unpolluted rainwater saturated with atmospheric CO₂(pH = 5.650). Na⁺and Cl^–were the major ions with average concentrations of 98.15 M and 109.57 M respectively. There is an excellent correlation between the cation sum (average 147.71 eq L^-1) and the anion sum (average 142.12 eq L^-1) attesting to the quality of the data generated. This paper presents the detailed results of the study for a relatively clean remote island site in Suva, Fiji, latitude 18° 09 S, longitude 178° 27 E, height 6 m, and outlines prospects for further work.     

A Comparison of the Precipitation Chemistry Measurements Obtained by the CAPMoN and NADP/NTN Networks

Precipitation chemistry measurementsobtained by the Canadian Air and PrecipitationMonitoring Network (CAPMoN) and the U.S. NationalAtmospheric Deposition Program/National Trends Network(NADP/NTN) have been examined using more than 7 yrof collocated data from two sites, namely, Sutton,Quebec, Canada and State College, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.In the case of the CAPMoN data, weeklyprecipitation-weighted mean concentrations, totalsample depths and total standard gauge depths werecomputed from daily data and compared to thecorresponding weekly sampling data of the NADP/NTNnetwork. Seasonal and annual precipitation-weightedmean concentrations and deposition values were alsocomputed for both networks and compared. Statisticallysignificant between-network biases were found to existin the weekly results for most of the measuredvariables, particularly standard gauge depth, sampledepth, pH, H⁺, NO₃ ^-,NH₄ ⁺,Na⁺; the NADP/NTN values were consistently lowerthan those of CAPMoN with the exception of pH andNa⁺. The magnitude of the biases was less than35% of the median CAPMoN weekly value for the 7 yr. For most of the measured parameters, thevariability of the between-network differencesrepresented less than 20% of the median CAPMoN weeklyvalue. Both the between-network biases andvariabilities were functions of several physicalparameters, the most dominant being the sample depthand the ionic concentration. For seasonal and annualdeposition values, statistically significantbetween-network biases were found for H⁺,SO₄ ^2-, NO₃ ^-,Ca²⁺,NH₄ ⁺ for both periods; for Mg²⁺ andK⁺ for seasonal data; and Cl^- for yearlydata, with the NADP/NTN deposition values being lowerthan those of CAPMoN. The relative biases ranged from7 to 37%. Part of the between-network bias in thedeposition estimates was directly attributable to astrong bias in the standard gauge depths of the two networks.     

Selective recovery of Cu(II) from strongly acidic wastewater by zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate: Affecting factors, efficiency and mechanism

The selective recovery of copper from strongly acidic wastewater containing mixed metal ions remains a significant challenge. In this study, a novel reagent zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate (Zn(DMDC)₂) was developed for the selective removal of Cu(II). The removal efficiency of Cu(II) reached 99.6% after 120 min reaction at 30°C when the mole ratio Zn(DMDC)₂/Cu(II) was 1:1. The mechanism investigation indicates that the Cu(DMDC)₂ products formed as a result of the displacement of Zn(II) from the added Zn(DMDC)₂ by Cu(II) in wastewater, due to the formation of stronger coordination bonds between Cu(II) and the dithiocarbamate groups of Zn(DMDC)₂. Subsequently, we put forward an innovative process of resource recovery for strongly acidic wastewater. Firstly, the selective removal of Cu(II) from actual wastewater using Zn(DMDC)₂, with a removal efficiency of 99.7%. Secondly, high-value CuO was recovered by calcining the Cu(DMDC)₂ at 800°C, with a copper recovery efficiency of 98.3%. Moreover, the residual As(III) and Cd(II) were removed by introducing H₂S gas, and the purified acidic wastewater was used to dissolve ZnO for preparation of valuable ZnSO₄·H₂O. The total economic benefit of resource recovery is estimated to be 11.54 $/m³. Accordingly, this study provides a new route for the resource recovery of the treatment of copper-containing acidic wastewater.     

废弃电子元器件酸性浸出液中铜的萃取研究

利用国产新型铜萃取剂DZ988,以PEG-NO2/H2SO4混酸溶液氧化浸取废弃电子元器件得到的酸浸液为萃取原液(含铜浓度CCu=3.132 g/L),进行铜的萃取研究,考察各因素对铜的萃取及反萃取的影响。试验结果表明,铜的萃取率随萃取剂浓度、O/A比、萃取温度及pH的提高而提高;在萃取剂浓度设定为25%,萃取料液浓度用氨水调至pH=2,油水比O/A=1:1,常温的条件下,对废弃电子元器件的PEG-NO2/H2SO4混酸浸出液中的铜的萃取率可达99.45%,铜、铁分离系数达1 151;以硫酸作反萃剂,对负载铜的萃取剂进行反萃取研究,在硫酸溶液浓度为250 g/L,相比O/A=1:1时,铜的反萃率接近100%。同时,DZ988基本不萃取Co、Ni,后续可从铜萃余液中继续回收Co、Ni。     

长期施肥酸性旱地土壤硝化活性及自养硝化微生物特征

构建微域培养结合梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)、Illumina MiSeq高通量测序、生物信息学分析等分子生态学技术,以不施肥土壤为对照(CK),研究长期施化肥(NPK)和有机肥(OM)对酸性旱地土壤硝化活性及自养硝化微生物群落的影响,并认知其与土壤理化因子间的关系.结果表明,施化肥和有机肥显著提高土壤有机碳和无机氮含量,施有机肥提高土壤pH和总氮含量、降低C/N;供试土壤自养硝化作用占据主导(73.60%~85.32%),施肥显著提升土壤自养硝化活性,且施有机肥提升效果更为明显;微域培养后,OM土壤氨氧化古菌(AOA)和细菌(AOB)amoA基因绝对丰度及16S rRNA基因相对丰度显著上升,而CK和NPK土壤仅AOA相对丰度显著上升,即3种土壤AOA均有明显活性(主要类群为Nitrososphaera,99.30%),而AOB仅在OM土壤有活性(主要类群为Nitrosospira,99.99%),另外还发现OM土壤中亚硝酸盐氧化细菌(NOB)有较强活性(主要类群为Nitrospira,96.69%);逐步回归分析显示自养硝化活性显著受总氮含量影响,AOA和AOB amoA基因丰度分别受有机碳含量和pH影响,Nitrososphaera相对丰度与NO_3~--N含量显著正相关,而Nitrosospira和Nitrospira相对丰度则与C/N显著负相关.可见,长期施肥后土壤总氮含量的提升显著刺激自养硝化活性;以Nitrososphaera为主的AOA在酸性旱地土壤硝化作用中发挥了重要作用,施有机肥土壤pH上升及C/N下降刺激了Nitrosospira(AOB)生长,从而改变了酸性旱地土壤中活跃的自养硝化微生物类群.     

1997~2011年北京市空气中酸性物质与降水组分变化趋势的相关性分析

依据北京市环境保护监测中心1997～2011年降水监测资料、大气环境质量监测资料,结合北京经济发展和能源结构变化,分析了酸雨前体物的排放与环境空气中酸性物质及降水中组分的相关性,为政府部门评定大气污染治理效果,制定未来防控政策和规划提供科学决策依据.研究表明,环境空气中NO2、NOx、SO2年均浓度显著相关,说明北京地区环境空气中氮与硫的来源基本相同,均来自化石燃料燃烧排放,这也是酸雨形成的根本原因.北京市大气中的污染物主要来自局地排放源,而降水中硫、氮的湿沉降量与环境空气中SO2、NO2、NOx浓度变化趋势的相关性较差,表明降水中各离子浓度受局地源和外来大气输送共同作用的影响.同时发现降水中硝酸根浓度与机动车数量呈现相同变化趋势,反映出机动车尾气排放的NOx与降水中硝酸根浓度增长密切相关.     

The Effects of Acidity on Carbon Fluxes from Ombrotrophic Peat

Replicate intact peat/vegetation monoliths were collected along a pollution gradient in the UK and subjected over one year to 1200 mm of simulated rainfall of the same chemical composition as they received in the field. Drainage water was analysed periodically for DOC and pH, and the decomposition rates of Calluna vulgaris and Eriophorum angustifolium leaves were measured, as well as soil atmosphere CO₂ contents and peat matric potentials. the chemical characteristics of the peats as initially sampled from the field also were determined. the results suggest that acidic precipitation has induced chemical changes in ombrotrophic peats, lowering their pH and base status, when due account is taken of calcium deposition or any mineral content. Greater DOC fluxes were observed from the more acid peats, and litter decomposition rates from these peats were reduced.