ATR-FTIR and XPS study on the structure of complexes formed upon the adsorption of simple organic acids on aluminum hydroxide

Information on the binding of organic ligands to metal （hydr）oxide surfaces is useful for understanding the adsorption behaviour of natural organic matter on metal （hydr）oxide. In this study, benzoate and salicylate were employed as the model organic ligands and aluminum hydroxide as the metal hydroxide. The attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared （ATR-FTIR） spectra revealed that the ligands benzoate and salicylate do coordinate directly with the surface of hydrous aluminum hydroxide, thereby forming innersphere surface complexes. It is concluded that when the initial pH is acidic or neutral, monodentate and bridging complexes are to be formed between benzoate and aluminum hydroxide while bridging complexes predominate when the initial pH is alkalic. Monodentate and bridging complexes can be formed at pH 5 while precipitate and bridging complexes are formed at pH 7 when salicylate anions are adsorbed on aluminum hydroxide. The X-ray photoelectron （XP） spectra demonstrated the variation of C 1 s binding energy in the salicyate and phenolic groups before and after adsorption. It implied that the benzoate ligands are adsorbed through the complexation between carboxylate moieties and the aluminum hydroxide surface, while both carboxylate group and phenolic group are involved in the complexation reaction when salicylate is adsorbed onto aluminum hydroxide. The information offered by the XPS confirmed the findings obtained with ATR-FTIR.     

中国华北地区冬季大气污染物航空测量(Ⅱ)——空中大气气溶胶污染特征研究

大气气溶胶在酸性降水中的作用非常重要。在“八五”期间酸性降水的研究中，进行了华北地区冬季空中大气气溶胶污染特征的分析和研究，填补了国内外相关研究领域的空白。结果表明，华北地区冬季空中大气气溶胶污染比较严重，形成了浓度与地面相近的空中污染区域，大气气溶胶主要来源于煤炭燃烧等人为过程。同时大气气溶胶具有较强的酸性，有利于酸性降水的形成     

纳米氢氧化镁对不同类型土壤镉形态的影响

采用28 d室内连续培养实验,以纳米氢氧化镁和普通氢氧化镁(100、 200和300 mg·kg^-1)为镉污染土壤钝化剂,研究了纳米氢氧化镁和普通氢氧化镁对不同类型镉污染土壤(1、 5、 10和15 mg·kg^-1)中镉形态的影响.结果表明,在中性土壤上, 1、 5、 10和15 mg·kg^-1镉处理中土壤交换态Cd(EX-Cd)形态分布比例FDC为66.7%～81.8%,为土壤镉主要形态.土壤镉含量大小顺序为EX-Cd>碳酸盐结合态Cd(CAB-Cd)>残渣态Cd(RES-Cd)>铁锰氧化态Cd(FeMn-Cd)>有机结合态Cd(OM-Cd).培养第14d时,土壤EX-Cd FDC达到最低值.培养0～28 d期间,在1、 5、 10和15 mg·kg^-1镉处理下,纳米氢氧化镁和普通氢氧化镁处理的土壤EX-Cd FDC较对照(CK)分别降低了11.4%～67.7%、 7.8%～37.2%、 7.7%～36.4%、 5.0%～28.8%(纳米氢氧化镁)和0.5%～49.5%、 ...     

化学还原氧化石墨烯修饰PbO2电极及催化降解酸性红G

为了提高Ti/PbO₂电极的稳定性与催化氧化能力,将化学还原氧化石墨烯（RGO）以共沉积的方法修饰于β-PbO₂层.通过扫描电镜（SEM）,X射线衍射仪（XRD）,循环伏安法（CV）,电化学交流阻抗（EIS）,产羟基自由基（·OH）能力,强化寿命等测试方法对电极性能进行表征,并以酸性红G（ARG）为目标降解物,评估PbO₂-RGO电极的催化效果.结果表明,电极经RGO改性后晶型仍为β-PbO₂,析氧过电位由1.60V升至1.83V,膜阻抗由144 Ω/cm²降至16.2 Ω/cm²,强化寿命提升了43.6%.通过ARG降解实验表明,改性后的PbO₂-RGO电极催化性能均有所提高,其中PbO₂-RGO（0.05）电极具有最优的催化能力,120min内对ARG的脱色率可达到98.5%,同时对COD的去除率可达76.89%.     

秸秆还田配施石灰对酸性水稻土有机碳及碳库管理指数的影响

为探明稻秆还田配施石灰对酸性水稻土有机碳库的影响,于广东省白云区和惠阳区开展田间试验,设置常规施肥（CK）、秸秆还田+常规施肥（RS）和秸秆还田配施石灰+常规施肥（RS+L）这3个处理,分析了土壤总有机碳（TOC）、水溶性有机碳（DOC）、活性有机碳（LOC）、颗粒态有机碳（POC）、微生物量碳（MBC）、碳库指数（CPI）、稳定性有机碳（IOC）、碳库活度（L）、碳库活度指数（CPAI）和碳库管理指数（CPMI）的变化.结果表明,与CK相比,RS+L处理显著提高TOC、LOC、POC和MBC含量,增幅分别为10.24%~17.79%、34.49%~44.37%、19.27%~23.59%和33.36%~43.26%（P<0.05）.与CK相比,RS+L处理显著提高水稻生长前期（移栽后15~45 d期间）的DOC含量（P<0.05）,但对水稻生长后期的DOC无显著影响.RS+L较RS处理的TOC、LOC、POC和MBC分别提高了2.15%~6.95%、1.17%~17.90%、4.27%~8.65%和12.99%~14.53%.与CK相比,RS+L处理显著提高IOC和CPI,其增幅分别为8.32%~15.57%和14.00%~20.00%（P<0.05）.RS较CK处理显著提高CPI,其增幅为14.00%~18.00%（P<0.05）.不同处理间的L、CPAI和CPMI差异不显著.RS+L处理的土壤pH值显著高于CK处理（P<0.05）.不同处理间的水稻产量无差异.主成分分析结果表明,水稻产量主要与DOC、LOC、CPAI和CPMI相关,但对土壤有机碳和碳库管理指数变化的贡献率较低.主成分分析还表明,秸秆还田配施石灰通过改善酸性水稻土的pH值和养分含量,驱动MBC和POC等有机碳组分的形成和积累,促进SOC的提升.综上,秸秆还田配施石灰有利于酸性水稻土MBC、POC、LOC和IOC等有机碳组分的积累,从而提高土壤总有机碳含量和稳定性,是提升酸性水稻土固碳减排功能的有效途径.     

低温柴油吸收处理炼油厂酸性水罐区恶臭气体的问题和对策

通过对低温柴油吸收处理炼油厂酸性水罐区恶臭气体效果的探讨,将处理过程中存在的气相线频繁堵塞、制冷机组运行异常、吸收塔设计负荷小、超重力反应器运行效果不理想和测量存在较大误差等问题进行了分析,并提出了具体可行措施:定期清理恶臭气体流程管线,对废气管路所有低点进行密闭排凝;在吸收塔前路恶臭气体管线增上液环真空泵;对废气管线增加伴热保温措施;将测量元件进行位置变更;完善恶臭处理设施管理体制。     

酸碱改性活性炭及其对甲苯吸附的影响

分别用酸溶液(H_2SO_4、HNO_3、H_3PO_4)和碱溶液(NaOH或NH_3·H_2O)浸渍方法对活性炭进行改性,并对酸改性活性炭进行碱溶液二次改性处理,通过表征改性前后活性炭BET比表面积、孔结构、表面官能团等理化特征和测定其对甲苯蒸气的饱和吸附量,研究了影响活性炭吸附甲苯蒸气的关键因素.结果表明,酸改性使BET比表面积、微孔面积、微孔容积减少、表面酸性官能团增加,而碱改性呈现相反的理化特征变化.活性炭理化特征的变化可能与改性溶液的酸碱性、氧化还原性有关,并且这种相反的变化直接关系到活性炭对甲苯蒸气的吸附.3种酸改性的活性炭对甲苯蒸气饱和吸附量相对于原活性炭减少9.6%~20.0%,而两种碱改性的活性炭则增加29.2%~39.2%.相关性分析显示甲苯吸附量与BET比表面积、微孔面积、微孔容积正相关,而与表面酸性官能团负相关;多元回归分析进一步表明微孔容积和酸性官能团数量是影响活性炭甲苯吸附的关键因素.二次改性活性炭甲苯吸附量与表面含氧酸性官能团拟合结果则表明,—COOH、C＝O和—OH都对活性炭甲苯吸附能力有影响,其中—COOH影响较大.研究结果表明有效提高活性炭对甲苯吸附能力,改性宜以提高活性炭微孔容积和减小活性炭表面酸性官能团数量,特别是—COOH数量为目标导向.     

Functions of Straw for In Situ Remediation of Acidic Mining Lakes

The addition of straw in combination with Carbokalk, a by-product from the sugar-industry, was successfully used to stimulate microbial alkalinity generation in an acidic mining lake. To get detailed information about functions of straw, anenclosure experiment was carried out. Straw bundles were placedat the sediment surface of an acidic mining lake (ML 111) and thephysiochemical conditions and the microbiology of the sediment-water contact zone were studied. Straw was degraded by anaerobic microorganisms and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) leached from straw bundles. Pigmented flagellates responded to the DOC supply in the water column anda considerable amount of algal carbon was transported to the sediment. Straw addition led to microbial reduction of iron andsulfate in the sediment. Sulfate reduction was observed at a pHof 5.5. The pH, however, was not high enough to precipitate H₂S completely. Thus, some H₂S diffused into the watercolumn, where it was reoxidized. Straw did not create orstabilize an anoxic water body above the sediment. Microbial sulfate reduction and pyrite formation only took place in the sediment,whereas iron reduction also took place in the straw. Straw, however, altered the flow conditions above the sediment surfaceand prevented complete mixing of the profundal water. Straw didnot serve as a substratum for a reactive biofilm. We conclude that the most important function of straw for mining lake remediation is to be a long-term nutrient source for microbialalkalinity generation in the sediment.     

附着微生物黄铁矾回流对不同温度酸性硫酸盐体系亚铁氧化及总铁沉淀的强化效果

氧化亚铁硫杆菌(A.ferrooxidans)生物氧化Fe2+与石灰中和相耦合是一种具有发展潜力的酸性矿山废水处理工艺.在Fe2+生物氧化段提高Fe2+氧化与总Fe沉淀效率是调控此类废水高效处理的关键步骤,且该阶段常伴有黄铁矾等次生铁矿物的合成.本研究通过摇瓶实验,在p H约2.50的K2SO4(8 mmol·L-1)-Fe SO4(160 mmol·L-1)-H2O酸性硫酸盐体系中按约3×105cells·m L-1的浓度接入A.ferrooxidans,在15℃和30℃两个温度水平下,探究附着微生物的黄钾铁矾回流对体系Fe2+生物氧化与总Fe沉淀行为的影响.结果表明,15℃条件下培养至144h,体系p H变化至2.40,Fe2+氧化率和总Fe沉淀率分别仅为46.7%和12.2%.当体系接入附着微生物黄钾铁矾10 g·L-1时,体系Fe2+在132h即可完全氧化.144 h时,体系p H降低至2.24,总铁沉淀率为25.3%.30℃条件下体系Fe2+在72 h完全氧化,p H变化至1.89,总Fe沉淀率为34.3%.当体系接入回流的黄钾铁矾10 g·L-1时,体系Fe2+完全氧化时间缩短至60 h,p H降低至1.85,总Fe沉淀率为37.3%.本研究不同处理体系所得次生铁矿物均为黄钾铁矾,附着微生物黄铁矾回流对15℃环境所得黄钾铁矾形貌影响不大,均为粘附紧密、表面光滑的晶体形貌.而30℃环境中,附着微生物黄铁矾回流却使得原本较为分散、晶型棱角明显的黄铁矾晶体结构变得紧密而光滑.本研究结果可为酸性矿山废水处理提供一定的参数支撑.     

Testing the validity of a critical sulfur and nitrogen load model in southern Ontario, Canada, using soil chemistry data from MARYP

The validity of a steady-state massbalance model (Arp et al., 1996; referred to asARP) was tested using physicochemical soil data fromthe Monitoring Acid Rain Youth Program (MARYP). FourARP sites were matched with ten MARYP sites accordingto proximity, bedrock type and subsoil pH to test thevalidity of the ARP model for critical loadexceedances. Soil solution pH, base concentration andAl concentration from MARYP sites, which were wellmatched to ARP sites, validated the modelled criticalload exceedances. Higher exceedance areas wereassociated with more acidic pH and lower base andhigher Al concentrations from matched MARYP sites andvice versa. One ARP site was inappropriately matchedwith MARYP sites and could not be validated using baseand Al concentrations. This study also confirmed thesouthern limit of the zero critical load exceedanceisopleth from the model. However, variability of theother exceedance isopleths was noted due to thelimited number of sites used in the model. Thevalidation of these sites in the ARP model and thezero critical load exceedance isopleth nonethelessallows greater confidence in using this model as amanagement tool for acidic deposition.