The Effects of Acidity on Carbon Fluxes from Ombrotrophic Peat

Replicate intact peat/vegetation monoliths were collected along a pollution gradient in the UK and subjected over one year to 1200 mm of simulated rainfall of the same chemical composition as they received in the field. Drainage water was analysed periodically for DOC and pH, and the decomposition rates of Calluna vulgaris and Eriophorum angustifolium leaves were measured, as well as soil atmosphere CO₂ contents and peat matric potentials. the chemical characteristics of the peats as initially sampled from the field also were determined. the results suggest that acidic precipitation has induced chemical changes in ombrotrophic peats, lowering their pH and base status, when due account is taken of calcium deposition or any mineral content. Greater DOC fluxes were observed from the more acid peats, and litter decomposition rates from these peats were reduced.     

Composite Biofilms grown in Acidic Mining Lakes and assessed by Electron Microscopy and Molecular Techniques

Microbial consortia of composite biofilms, grown in surface water of acidicmining lakes near Lauchhammer, Germany, were investigated. The red-brown colored lake water was acidic (pH 2.5), had high concentrations of Fe(III), Al(III), and sulphate and low concentrations of dissolved organic matter. As a result the abundance of bacteria in the lake is with 10⁴ cells mL^-1 rather low. One input of organic material into the lake are autumnal leaves from trees, growing in the lakeside area. From aliquots of unfixed birch leave biofilms the 16S rRNA genes were amplified by PCR and community fingerprints were determined by single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis. Specific bands within the fingerprints were extracted from SSCP gels and sequenced for the taxonomical affiliation.These results were compared with those from the second type of biofilms which were grown on sterile substrata, floating submersed in surface waters of the lakes. By excising the bands from the gel and sequencing the individual bands bacterial taxa, common to both types of biofilms, were found but also some, which were only present in one type of biofilm. Ultrathin sectioned biofilms often showed bacteria associated with electron dense particles as main inorganic constituents. Elemental microanalysis by energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) revealed them to contain iron, sulfur and oxygen as main elemental fractions and electron diffraction ring pattern analysis classified them to be schwertmannite. These bacteria and their interactions with each other as well as with the inorganic minerals formed in this lake generally is of great interest, in order to use these results for bioremediation applications.     

有机质提升对酸性红壤氮循环功能基因及功能微生物的影响

外源有机物质输入是提升酸性红壤有机质含量的主要方式,氮素是土壤肥力的重要限制因子.有机质提升后土壤生态系统的变化会影响土壤氮循环过程及功能微生物,但目前还未见报道.本研究选择长期施有机肥的酸性旱地红壤及不施肥对照土壤作为研究材料,基于宏基因组测序及氮循环功能基因数据库比对,研究32 a的连续有机物质输入导致的土壤有机质含量上升对酸性红壤氮循环功能基因及相关功能微生物的影响.结果表明,酸性红壤有机质提升显著增加了土壤总有机碳和总氮含量,缓解了土壤酸化.有机质提升增加了土壤净硝化活性和氨氧化潜势.有机质提升显著增长了编码古菌氨单加氧酶amoA基因和反硝化过程还原酶的功能基因nar、nap、nir、nor和nos的丰度,降低了编码羟胺氧化酶hao基因及执行硝酸盐异化还原成铵过程的功能基因nrf的丰度,提升了有机氮代谢功能基因glnA、gdh、glsA、ansB和nao丰度,改变了硝酸盐同化过程功能基因丰度以及硝化过程功能微生物群落组成.有机质提升后土壤酸化的缓解和总有机碳含量的提升是影响氮循环各过程功能基因丰度及功能微生物组成的最主要因子.本研究全面研究了无机氮和有机氮循环功能基因,关联了氨氧化过程的功能基因、功能微生物类群和功能活性,可为把握酸性红壤氮循环特征提供数据依据,也可为酸性土壤改良提供思路.     

不同环境下微动开关腐蚀形貌及接触电阻变化对比分析研究

目的对比分析不同试验环境下微动开关的腐蚀行为,研究其腐蚀机理。方法针对干湿交替酸性盐雾试验环境、盐雾/SO2复合试验环境及热带海洋大气环境下微动开关接触电阻的变化趋势,以及对不同试验环境后微动开关内部被腐蚀的细小结构件进行微观形貌观察和能谱分析。通过对比分析不同试验环境下微动开关的腐蚀机理及其对电性能参数的影响。结果含硫环境对微动开关内部银质触点的影响最严重。结论腐蚀产物硫化银的导电性极差,这会导致微动开关接触电阻升高。     

酸性气处理新工艺的应用

将主要含H2S的酸性气焚烧生成SO2,应用脱硫新工艺,使用不同的吸收剂获得多种亚硫酸盐产品.     

Removing ammonia from air with a constant pH,slightly acidic water spray wet scrubber using recycled scrubbing solution

Slightly acidic solutions are a practical means of removing ammonia from air Scrubbed NH₃ accumulates in solution as NH₄⁺ and should be an excellent fertilizer Increased air velocity decreased NH₃ removal and increased NH₄⁺ collection Previous research on wet scrubbers has only studied highly acidic scrubbing solutions because of their high ammonia capture efficiencies; however, the high acidity created practical problems. Lower acidity solutions would reduce corrosion, maintenance, and cost; however, designers may need to use strategies for increasing scrubber effectiveness, such as using lower air velocities. The objective of this study was to determine if a spray scrubber with slightly acidic and higher pH scrubbing solution (pH from 2 to 8) could effectively remove NH₃ from NH₃ laden air (such as animal building exhaust air), and also collect this valuable resource for later use as a fertilizer. A bench-scale spray wet scrubber treated 20 ppmv NH₃/air mixture in a countercurrent contact chamber. First, the solution pH was varied from 2 to 8 while maintaining constant air velocity at 1.3 m·s⁻¹. Next, air velocity was increased (2 and 3 m·s⁻¹) while solution pH remained constant at pH6. At 1.3 m·s⁻¹, NH₃ removal efficiencies ranged between 49.0% (pH8) and 84.3% (pH2). This study has shown that slightly acidic scrubbing solutions are a practical means of removing ammonia from air especially if the scrubber is designed to increase collisions between solution droplets and NH₃ molecules. The NH₃ removed from the air was held in solution as NH₄⁺ and accumulates over time so the solution should be an excellent fertilizer.     

都匀市降水pH值的变化趋势及特征分析

ｐＨ值是衡量降水酸性的重要指标。本文研究了都匀市降水ｐＨ值的变化趋势，并对其酸性降水的特征进行分析，提出了保护大气质量，降低酸雨频率的对策建议。     

浙江宁波天童地区酸性降水化学特征研究

为了解浙江宁波天童地区降水的化学特征、离子来源及酸性降水的成因,于2010年3月—2011年2月在该地区采集了90个降水样品,并运用离子色谱法分析其化学组分.结果显示,天童地区降水的酸化频率和酸化程度非常高,酸雨频率为97%,雨量加权pH平均值为4.37,离子浓度的大小顺序为SO24->NH4+>NO3->Ca2+>Cl->Na+>Mg2+>K+>F-,降水较清洁;降水pH值和各离子含量存在明显的季节变化,总体表现为冬、春季污染程度高于夏、秋季;SO24-/NO3-的浓度比值为1.9,表明该地区酸雨类型为硫酸和硝酸复合型;SO24-、NO3-、NH4+和部分Ca2+主要来自人为污染源,Na+、Cl-和大部分Mg2+主要来自海洋源,K+和大部分Ca2+则主要来自地壳源,海洋对天童地区降水离子组分影响较大,但对降水酸度影响并不显著;NH4+与SO42-(r=0.90)、NO3-(r=0.88)的相关性分别大于Ca2+与SO24-(r=0.67)、NO3-(r=0.73)的相关性,且NH4+/Ca2+的浓度比值为1.47,说明NH4+对降水酸性的中和作用大于Ca2+,与我国其他城市降水相比,天童地区降水中的碱性离子,尤其是Ca2+浓度较低,从而导致降水酸度高于北方地区和西南其他地区.     

生态系统对酸沉降相对敏感性评价原理与方法

介绍了敏感性及生态系统对酸沉降的绝对敏感性和相对敏感性的概念,概念了水体和土壤对酸沉降绝对敏感性评价的方法。通过分析比较生态系统中各生态子对酸沉降的缓冲能力,担子同建立生态系统对酸沉降相对敏感性评价的基本原理,并介绍了建立的评价才近期的发展。     

中国华北地区冬季大气污染物航空测量(II)—空中大气气溶胶污染特征研究

大气气溶胶在酸性降水中的作用非常重要。在“八五”期间酸性降水的研究中,进行了华北地区冬季空中大气气溶胶污染特征的分析和研究,填补了国内外相关研究领域的空白。结果表明,华北地区冬季空中大气气溶胶污染比较严重,形成了浓度与地面相近的空中污染区域,大气气溶胶主要来源于煤炭燃烧等人为过程。同时大气气溶胶具有较强的酸性,有利于酸性降水的形成。